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Physical Activity and the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer
Published in James M. Rippe, Increasing Physical Activity, 2020
While exact mechanisms as to how physical activity results in cancer risk reduction are not completely understood, there is increasing documentation from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2018 and other evidence-based sources that regular physical activity plays a role in not only reducing the risk of cancer, but also various phases of its treatment. This includes primary prevention, which largely reflects risk reduction in healthy populations. Secondary prevention involves screening, detecting, diagnosing, and treating early stages of pre-malignant cancers. Tertiary treatment revolves around symptom management, rehabilitation, and end of life care. Physical activity can play an important role in all three of these levels.
Wastewater Phycoremediation by Microalgae for Sustainable Bioproduct Production
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Najeeha Mohd. Apandi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Amir Hashim Mohd. Kassim
The tertiary treatment process is the final stage where organic ions, dissolved solids and remaining suspended solids are removed using physical, chemical and biological processes. Tertiary treatment is 8 to 16 times more expensive than primary treatment (Abdel-Raouf et al. 2012). At this stage, certain nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen are removed using application systems such as membrane filtration, granular filtration, solar and UV light, chlorine, ozone and ultraviolet light. These applications are extremely expensive and may contribute to secondary pollution (Berbeka et al. 2012). For these reasons, numerous studies have focused on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus through biological processes and different combinations of anaerobic, aerobic and sequencing batch reactors (Sombatsompop et al. 2011). Therefore, alternative methods for nutrient removal and metal precipitation through biological processes including the use of microalgae have been reviewed and practiced by many researchers.
Chronic Back Pain
Published in Andrea Kohn Maikovich-Fong, Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain, 2019
Emily J. Ross, Jeffrey E. Cassisi, Kenneth R. Lofland
Patients who have not responded to primary and secondary treatment interventions, or who are suffering from treatment-resistant back pain (Bruce & Quinlan, 2011; Macrae, 2001), are referred to tertiary treatment settings. These settings may specialize in repeat surgery if necessary, spinal cord stimulators (SCS), or a pain rehabilitation program that follows one of several models. Ideally, all levels of care work together to improve the patient’s condition. For example, after surgery the patient is returned to the primary care level for long-term monitoring and treatment maintenance. Improvement often takes a long time with a treatment team carefully tracking patient progress (Gawande, 2017).
Longitudinal Prediction of Suicide Attempts for a Diverse Adolescent Sample of Native Hawaiians, Pacific Peoples, and Asian Americans
Published in Archives of Suicide Research, 2018
Earl S. Hishinuma, Myra D. Smith, Kayne McCarthy, Mark Lee, Deborah A. Goebert, Jeanelle J. Sugimoto-Matsuda, Naleen N. Andrade, Jacques B. Philip, Jane J. Chung-Do, Reid S. Hamamoto, Joy K. L. Andrade
Of those who died by suicide in Hawai‘i, approximately 22% had a previous suicide attempt (see Else & Andrade, 2008). This aligns with national and international studies which have indicated that a past suicide attempt is the strongest predictor of a future suicide attempt (WHO, 2014). Beghi and Rosenbaum (2010) found that 16% of attempt survivors will make a second suicide attempt within the following year. Therefore, it is of great importance to include previous suicide attempts in screening, assessments, and intakes (e.g., history of suicide attempts), as well as in planning for treatments and interventions. National and local best practices emphasize the critical role of tertiary treatment settings, such as emergency departments in this area (Sugimoto-Matsuda & Rehuher, 2014). However, assessments should also be considered in settings such as primary care, schools, and substance abuse treatment (SPRC, 2014). If it is found that an individual has a suicide attempt in his/her medical history, the provider is encouraged to learn about the context of the attempt (e.g., how recent, how many attempts, if the individual received follow-up treatment, if that treatment is still ongoing) in order to better inform prevention and treatment services.
Comparing the effects of medical cannabis for chronic pain patients with and without co-morbid anxiety: A cohort study
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Lara Bapir, Simon Erridge, Martha Nicholas, Manaswini Pillai, Nishaanth Dalavaye, Carl Holvey, Ross Coomber, Jonathan Hoare, Shaheen Khan, Mark W Weatherall, James J Rucker, Michael Platt, Mikael H Sodergren
Table 1 displays baseline demographic details for both cohorts. The female:male ratio was higher in the no anxiety (1:1.4) compared to anxiety (1:1.1) cohort (p = 0.026). The mean age of the no anxiety cohort (47.0 ± 14.9 years) was higher than the anxiety cohort (44.8 ± 14.0 years; p = 0.006). Employment status differed between the cohorts (p < 0.001), with most of the no anxiety cohort being employed (n = 288; 53.1%) whilst the majority of the anxiety cohort were unemployed (n = 365; 51.3%). The most common indication for treatment in both cohorts was chronic non-cancer pain (n = 399; 73.5% and n = 512; 72.0%). For secondary and tertiary treatment indications (if any), see Appendix A.
Children’s Knowledge of Abuse Questionnaires (CKAQ)-Short: Two Brief Ten-Item Measures of Knowledge about Child Sexual Abuse Concepts
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2020
Child sexual abuse is an ancient problem (Rush, 1981), but widespread concern about this only surfaced in North America in the 1970s, when prevention efforts began (Plummer, 1999). Finkelhor’s (1984) four preconditions for sexual offenses to occur (an offender’s motivation; offender’s inhibitions, external impediments and child resistance) provide a useful framework for identifying prevention options. Each precondition can be the target of primary (universal factors), secondary (early interventions) and tertiary (treatment) prevention programs (Tutty, 1991).