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Wastewater Phycoremediation by Microalgae for Sustainable Bioproduct Production
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Najeeha Mohd. Apandi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Amir Hashim Mohd. Kassim
The preliminary step in wastewater processing removes large solid materials and large inorganic particulate contents of wastewater (Abdel-Raouf et al. 2012). The secondary treatment (biological treatment) is performed after the primary treatment, which is also known as the physical-chemical treatment. Sedimentation and floatation clear away the settling solids after the removal of coarse materials. During this treatment process, up to 70% of organic and inorganic solids are removed. Abdel-Raouf et al. (2012) and Karia (2013) stated that 50–60% of suspended solids can be eliminated if the sedimentation tank is perfectly designed and is able to reduce up to 40% of BOD in the form of settleable solids.
Water reuse *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Primary treatment is a physical process that removes a portion of suspended solids and organic matter from wastewater by allowing it to settle, as well as removing floating materials. This process does not remove microbiological pathogens and thus is not recommended as a single process for potentiating reuse. Secondary treatment is usually a combined biological and chemical process that removes biodegradable organic matter and suspended solids, through the use of microorganisms. Traditionally, secondary treatment has been sufficient for most non-potable applications and for environmental release. Nevertheless, this process reduces but does not eliminate pathogens. Tertiary treatment is usually more complex, and is also specifically designed to remove residual suspended solids and pathogens. Primary and secondary treatment technologies have not changed significantly, but tertiary and advanced treatment technologies have resulted in higher efficiency, increased reliability, and, in some cases, better quality. Advanced treatment is tailored for more specific desired purpose. This can include removal of total dissolved solids, pathogens and trace constituents (Asano et al. 2007; US EPA, 2012a).
Reoperation rates for stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women after undergoing Mid-Urethral sling with or without concomitant colporrhaphy in academic centers within the United States
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Phillip Kim, Alexander B. Cantrell, Stacey J. Wallach, Jennifer Rothschild, Blythe Durbin-Johnson, Eric A. Kurzrock
Patients with commercial insurance have lower rates of re-operation. After considering other variables, Medicaid and Medicare were found to be associated with increased HR of any secondary surgery HR1.32, p =.005 and HR1.14 p =.057, respectively. Specifically, Medicaid was associated with increased HR of secondary MUS, SUI sling revision, and repeat prolapse procedure. Medicare patients had lower HR for repeat SUI procedures but higher SUI sling revision rates. Medicaid and Medicare status has been associated with adverse post-operative outcomes in other fields such as orthopaedics, trauma and surgical oncology (Churilla et al. 2016; Gabriel et al. 2016; Armenia et al. 2017; Li et al. 2017). This trend towards higher secondary treatment may be due to poor access to care, leading either to delayed presentation and/or worse primary disease (Li et al. 2017).
Perspectives on the current pharmacotherapeutic strategies for management of functional neuroendocrine tumor syndromes
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Tetsuhide Ito, Robert T Jensen
PRRT has recently been approved for its antigrowth activity in patients with advanced NENs [5,94,95], and numerous recent small studies show it has beneficial potent effects in F-NENs which occurs independent of its antigrowth effects [23,67,81,87–89,94,95]. It has especially proven useful in patients failing somatostatin-analogue treatment with VIPomas, malignant insulinomas, Cushing’s syndrome, and carcinoid syndrome [5,20,21,23,40,51,67,81,82,87–89,94–96]. In general PRRT treatment has been safe in these patients [94,97]although in up to 10% a hormonal crises may occur and thus additional prevent measures taken [21,98,99], In Table 1 it is indicated, as a possible treatment in a number of F-NENs where it will likely also be effective but has not yet been reported in these patients. This approach appears highly effective and well-tolerated and will likely increasingly become the most important secondary treatment in many of these syndromes and there might even be cases where it will be recommended as the primary treatment.
68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT-directed IGRT/SBRT for oligometastases of recurrent prostate cancer after initial surgery
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2020
J. Marzec, J. Becker, F. Paulsen, D. Wegener, S.-C. Olthof, C. Pfannenberg, J. Schwenck, J. Bedke, A. Stenzl, K. Nikolaou, C. la Fougère, D. Zips, A.-C. Müller
ADT was discussed with patients being node-positive in accordance with national guidelines. Acute toxicity was documented weekly during radiotherapy and 3 months thereafter according to RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) classification [16] and Common Toxicity Criteria of Adverse Events (CTCAE) classification version 4.03 [1,17]. The follow-up included medical history, clinical examination, PSA-level and toxicity assessment. Biochemical no evidence of disease (bNED) was defined using two recurrence definitions (+0.2 ng/mL (EORTC) [18] and (nadir + 2 ng/mL (Phenix)) [19]. Local control was defined either as bNED or as PET/CT-negative imaging results at treated localization. Distant metastasis-free survival was defined as time until occurrence of M1-disease. Time to any secondary treatment was defined as time until initiation of local or systemic treatment. Time without systemic treatment (TWIST) was defined as period until start of systemic therapy.