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Organic Matter
Published in Michael J. Kennish, Ecology of Estuaries Physical and Chemical Aspects, 2019
Organic matter may be defined as material originating from living organisms and containing chemical compounds, based on carbon chains or rings and also hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, or other elements.1 It is responsible for the occurrence of many key reactions in sediments and natural waters.2 In estuaries, organic matter is derived from both autochthonous and allochthonous sources; for example, autotrophs (i.e., photosynthetic plants and bacteria) continually produce organic matter in situ, but an additional fraction enters from riverine and oceanic systems. Autochthonous production usually predominates in the lower and middle reaches, whereas the allochthonous supply often predominates in the upper reaches via river discharges.3 Generally of less importance is organic matter carried into estuaries from nearshore oceanic areas.
Novel Perspectives in Treatment of Fungal Keratitis
Published in Mahendra Rai, Marcelo Luís Occhiutto, Mycotic Keratitis, 2019
Bhavana Sharma, Payal Gupta, Prashant Borde, Arjun Ravi, R.B. Vajpayee
Mycotic keratitis is an important cause of corneal morbidity specially in the warm and humid climate of the Indian subcontinent, and thus remains a therapeutic challenge to the treating ophthalmologist. Farmers and labourers are predisposed more owing to their profession, involving them in organic matter related activities. Incorrect diagnosis and inappropriate treatment can rapidly cause the corneal lesions to progress to a stage of complications leading to corneal blindness. However, recent advances in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic modalities have emerged as effective measures in management of mycotic keratitis. Novel therapeutic modalities remain an effective weapon in armamentarium of the treating ophthalmologist to curb corneal blindness due to mycotic keratitis.
Human Noroviruses
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
G. Sanchez, W. Randazzo, D.H. D'Souza
Reports that utilize organic acids, such as lactic acid, tannic acid, gallic acid, and peroxyacetic acid against HNoVs or their cultivable surrogates, speculate that the acid-mediated antiviral mechanism is due to the alterations in the virus capsid structure and nucleic acid components.194 Using suspension tests, D,L-lactic acid at 0.3% (pH 3.4–3.5) and 0.4% (pH 3.2–3.3) was reported to cause significant FCV-F9 titer reductions after 7 days at 20°C.195 An organic acid–based disinfectant containing 55%–60% formic acid and 7% glyoxylic acid ≥5 log reduction in FCV-F9 titers after 15 minutes, as estimated by infectious cell culture assays or a 2–3 log reduction after 15 or 60 minutes as determined by RT-PCR,196 though this efficacy was reduced in the presence of fetal bovine serum or in the presence of feces (indicating that organic matter requires higher concentrations and contact time for increased inactivation).
Collective occupations and nature: Impacts of the coloniality of nature on rural and fishing communities in Chile
Published in Journal of Occupational Science, 2022
Cristian Mauricio Valderrama Núñez, Sofía Sepúlveda Hernández, Alejandro Hermosilla Alarcón
Given the conditions and history of artisanal fishermen and households in Tumbes Cove, this collective occupation is undoubtedly in a critical situation. In the authors’ opinion, a decomposition process is already underway. The word decomposition can have at least two meanings. First, when referring to organic matter, it can mean to rot or decay; secondly, it can refer to the break down or to cause to break down into component elements. Both meanings imply disappearance if the situation is sustained over time. Based on the former analysis, both types of decomposition are taking place: ocean resources are depleting, community traditions like the weaving of fishing nets are fading, engagement in departure rituals before fishing trips is dwindling, and the sense of community is waning. Furthermore, there is a growing discomfort with the occupation as it fails to cover basic household needs, among others.
Levels of PCDDs/PCDFs in waste incineration ash of some Jordanian hospitals using GC/MS
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Sharif Arar, Mahmoud A. Alawi, Nisreen E. Al-Mikhi
Waste incineration is one of the main waste disposal strategies used in treating hospital waste in many countries. However, emission of combustion by-products like dioxins, furans, and heavy metals in fly- and bottom ash is inevitable and poses a serious environmental and public health concerns, where these accumulative pollutants can be transported and leached from landfills and dumping sites (Petrilik and Ryder 2005). The environmental impact of medical waste incinerators has become the subject of public concern. The main theme of incinerators is to develop a sustainable waste management by reducing volume and weight of non-avoidable and non-recyclable medical waste to be disposed, and to decrease its post depositional reactivity due to its inorganic and organic matter constituents (Mininni et al.2007). In this process, unintentional release of the toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs occurs, which have hormone-disrupting and carcinogenic properties (Van den Berg et al.2006). These PCDDs/PCDFs are deposited in the incinerator bottom ash which is a form of ash produced in incineration facilities. This material is discharged from the moving grate of municipal solid waste incinerators or fly ash at the top end of stack of the incinerators that was removed by special types of filters.
Salidroside orchestrates metabolic reprogramming by regulating the Hif-1α signalling pathway in acute mountain sickness
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Xiaoning Yan, Jie Liu, Meixia Zhu, Lirong Liu, Yijun Chen, Yinhuan Zhang, Menghan Feng, Zhixin Jia, Hongbin Xiao
Two-dimensional structures of Sal, rhodiosin, tyrosol and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol were obtained using ChemDraw. Ligand preparation was performed using Chem3D by energy minimization using an MMP force field. The three-dimensional structure of HIF-1α (PDBID; 4H6J), with a resolution of 1.52 Å, was obtained from the Protein Data Bank database (http://www.rcsb.org/structure/4H6J). Remove the solvent and organic matter using PyMOL. Then, hydrogen was added to the protein using AutoDock Tools. A grid box with grid points (96, 96, 108) and spacing of 0.375 was centred (12.214, −14.282, −21.338) on the given co-crystallized ligand. Molecular docking analysis was performed via AutoDock4. In the dockings, the genetic algorithm was chosen as the search parameter. Visualization was performed using the Discovery Studio program.