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Flaxseed, a Functional Food—Constituents and Their Health Benefits
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Flaxseed, 2023
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
Cellulose is an insoluble substance that is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers, such as cotton. Lignin is a complex organic material deposited in the cell walls of many plants, making them rigid and woody.
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Lignin, another form of water-insoluble fiber, contains many different chemical species, including ferulic acid, coumaric acid, vanillic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde and furfural (23). Lignin is mainly present in plant cell walls of wood and bark, and rarely in vegetables and fruits. It has no nutritive value because it is not digestible in the digestive tract (19). Lignin may have beneficial properties to human health, such as their role as antioxidants and in cancer prevention (23). Cell walls containing lignin or suberin adsorb hydrophobic carcinogens particularly well; furthermore, the presence of lignin, and probably suberin, in the walls makes them resistant to degradation in the colon (23).
Dietary Fiber and Coronary Heart Disease
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Thunder Jalili, Eunice Mah, Denis M. Medeiros, Robert E.C. Wildman
Lignin stands alone as a fiber in that it is not a carbohydrate; yet it is considered an insoluble dietary fiber. Lignin is made up of aromatic polymers of chemicals from plant cell walls and provides plants with their “woody” characteristics. Lignin molecules are highly complex and variable polymers and are composed of three major aromatic alcohols: Coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl. In plants, lignin provides structure and integrity, thus allowing the plant to maintain its form. A typical lignin monomer is presented in Figure 10.3.
Addition of Trichocladium canadense to an anaerobic membrane bioreactor: evaluation of the microbial composition and reactor performance
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Hadi Fakhri, Duygu Nur Arabacı, İlayda Dilara Ünlü, Cigdem Yangin-Gomec, Suleyman Ovez, Sevcan Aydin
When it comes to bioaugmentation, hydrocarbon degrading bacteria take the spotlight. However, fungi, less considered alternatives, harbor potential advantages over bacteria such as their natural ability to degrade recalcitrant compounds, easier cultivation, and tolerance to higher levels of contaminants. Previous studies that focused on fungal bioaugmentation in bioreactors have reported efficient denitrification (Aldossari and Ishii 2021) and enhanced methanogenic degradation (Chen et al. 2017). Trichocladium canadense, a saprotrophic genus of fungi belonging to the family Chaetomiaceae, is mainly known for its efficient enzymatic degradation of lignocellulosic compounds (Durrant 1996). Lignin degrading fungi were also reported to breakdown antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals (Wen et al. 2009; Singh et al. 2017). Therefore, T. canadense may be a strong candidate for degradation of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals.
Induced mutation in Agaricus bisporus by gamma ray to improve genetic variability, degradation enzyme activity, and yield
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Tayebeh Harfi, Motallebi-Azar Alireza, Rasouli Farzad, Zaare-Nahandi Fariborz
According to the lifecycle of the white button mushroom, decreasing the variability is the main obstacle in breeding programs. Thus, the present study unveiled that gamma irradiation could be a useful tool for inducing the variation. Our result showed that mutation by gamma-ray could be effective in creating diversity as an early step for classical and molecular breeding; in other words, the application of gamma-ray treatments on white button mushroom spores created desirable variation in the traits. It can also accidentally result in the isolation of a new strain. The variation of yields observed along with changes in lignin-degrading enzyme activities can indicate that the higher yield is probably due to an enhancement in the enzyme activity. In this research, the isolated 15 variants were clustered in two main groups by the cluster analysis. The cluster I had higher lignin degradation enzyme activity and yield, and genetic variation was approved by the SRAP marker. Finally, our results revealed that gamma irradiation can produce new variants and increase variability for use in the future breeding program.
Human hazard potential of nanocellulose: quantitative insights from the literature
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Natasha Stoudmann, Mélanie Schmutz, Cordula Hirsch, Bernd Nowack, Claudia Som
The materials having been tested with regard to exposure via ingestion, dermal contact, and ocular contact come from two studies. O’Connor, Berry, and Goguen (2014) looked at acute and repeated dose oral toxicity as well as skin sensitization of CNC. The authors found no significant effect for any tested concentrations and endpoints. The NOEL was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg bodyweight/day for the repeated oral dose, and as no effect was observed from the single dose ingestion, the authors hypothesize that the LD50 is also greater than 2000 mg/kg bodyweight/day. Ong et al. (2017) also looked at acute oral toxicity and skin irritation, as well as eye irritation after exposure to lignin-coated CNC and CNF. The authors did not observe any significant effects for any of the endpoints and materials. Although the three endpoints from these studies did not show signs of toxicity, firm conclusions cannot be made considering this small study number. The same can be said regarding other in vivo endpoints, with very few studies having looked at dermal and ocular contact and injection.