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Nanoparticles of Marine Origin and Their Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Fatemeh Sedaghat, Morteza Yousefzadi, Reza Sheikhakbari-Mehr
The use of natural renewable marine resources like seaweed-derived polysaccharides has been exploited for many years by the food industry. The cell walls present in seaweeds are composed of polysaccharides. These polysaccharides mainly consist of small sugar units linked via glycosidic bonds, which have hydrophilic surface groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, and sulfate groups. Typical polysaccharides found in seaweeds include agar, alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, and laminarin. Other biomolecules found in the cell walls include proteins and enzymes. The presence of these bioactive materials has attracted considerable interest in recent years and has resulted in the creation of food products, renewable bioenergy, and biomedical applications [Fawcett et al., 2017; Smit, 2004; Venkatesan et al., 2016]. In Table 16.3 a selection of biosynthesized nanoparticles by marine algae and their biological activity is presented.
Envisioning Utilization of Super Grains for Healthcare
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Carbohydrates are the primary source of the energy in the human body. They are the important structural component of the cell wall and also involve in the various body functions. Carbohydrates account for the largest component in the composition of various grains. Major carbohydrates include starch, stachyose, sucrose, fructose, and glucose. The concentration of the starch as well as the activities of starch hydrolysis enzymes are very important factors. At present, the trend is shifting to foods with low starch digestibility as lower digestible starches lead to low glycemic response, which is highly beneficial for diabetic patients [42]. Dietary fiber is also a part of carbohydrates. The optimum concentrations (25–30 g/day) of the dietary fiber imparts various health benefits. Some of the beneficial effects include the reduction of coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, cholesterol, weight reduction, and improvement in the gut microflora functioning. The ratio of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber defines the functionality of this component which 1:3 (soluble to insoluble fiber) as recommended by The American Dietetic Association [24, 123]. However, higher levels of dietary fiber can also lower the bioaccessibility of proteins and minerals by binding them [12].
Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Cell walls play different roles in plant cells. They aid in providing the overall form, growth, and development of the plant body (9). Despite the fact that the contents of plant cell walls differ from those of fungi and animals, certain functional aspects are similar. These include roles in cell protection, intercellular communication, cell adhesion and proliferation, and also in plant-microbe interactions for the defense against potential pathogens (9). Plant cell walls are usually divided into two categories: primary walls that surround growing cells or cells capable of growth, and secondary walls that are thickened structures containing lignin and surrounding specialized cells such as vessel elements or fiber cells. Plant cell wall is made up of about 90% carbohydrates and 10% proteins (6). The main constituent of plant cell walls is cellulose, which gives cells rigidity and strength, offering protection against mechanical stress (6, 9).
VBNC, previously unrecognized in the life cycle of Porphyromonas gingivalis?
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
A Progulske-Fox, SS Chukkapalli, H Getachew, WA Dunn, JD Oliver
Cellular morphology is a critical aspect of the phenotype of a cell. Since the cell wall/peptidoglycan determines the shape of the cell, as it enables the tensile strength and diffusion barriers that are necessary to attain a particular shape, any differences in the cell wall composition may affect the cellular morphology. This occurs in some VBNC bacterial cells as many have shown differences in cellular morphology such as cell dwarfing and rounding [13,14]. It is likely that a reduction in cell size is a strategy to limit the energy demands of VBNCs [15–17]. For example, Campylobacter spp. change from the characteristic spiral shape during normal exponential-phase growth to a coccoid shape during transition to the VBNC state [18]. Similarly, Burkholderia pseudomallei and V. cholerae cells were also observed to change morphology from their characteristic rod to cocci shape during transition to the VBNC state [19,20]. However, these morphological changes commonly seen in VBNC cells are not exclusive to VBNC cells, as similar changes are observed in non-VBNC cells that live under stressful conditions. Hence, a morphological change alone cannot be used to define the VBNC state [21].
Polybia occidentalis and Polybia fastidiosa venom: a cytogenotoxic approach of effects on human and vegetal cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Marcel José Palmieri, Amanda Ribeiro Barroso, Larissa Fonseca Andrade-Vieira, Marta Chagas Monteiro, Andreimar Martins Soares, Pedro Henrique Souza Cesar, Mariana Aparecida Braga, Marcus Vinicius Cardoso Trento, Silvana Marcussi, Lisete Chamma Davide
However, plant cells have cell walls that are a barrier for the passage of the various molecules, impeding the venom to spread. The primary cell walls are composed of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a highly hydrated matrix, composed of pectin and hemicellulose. Structural proteins are added to the cellulose/hemicellulose scaffolding to help stabilize the cell wall. The primary cell wall is composed of approximately 25% hemicellulose, 35% pectin, and 25% cellulose, with structural proteins varying in frequency up to a total of 8%. These values may vary according to the species and environmental influences (Taiz and Zeiger 2002). This complex structure is likely being disrupted by the action of the many proteases and peptides that compose the Polybia venom. They could be acting on the structural proteins or directly on the cell wall matrix, reducing its cohesion and therefore increasing its permeability. Furthermore, cell walls are naturally permeable to small molecules (Knox and Benitez-Alfonso 2014).
Vision of bacterial ghosts as drug carriers mandates accepting the effect of cell membrane on drug loading
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Fars K. Alanazi, Abdulaziz A. Alsuwyeh, Nazrul Haq, Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit, Abdullah Al-Dhfyan, Faiyaz Shakeel
Gram negative envelope, cell wall, and inner plasma membrane, can affect both drug loading and release. Cell wall is composed of outer membrane, peptidoglycan layer, and periplasm [25]. The outer membrane is rich in lipid while the peptidoglycan layer is thin. Therefore, understanding the role of these components leads to better understanding of drug transport. Thus, the outer membrane has selective permeability since it is porous to certain substances. Periplasmic constituent works as border guard to maintain cells’ live-hood due to its gel like entrapping matrices. Moreover, cell wall can persist pressure up to 3 atm. It also gives bacteria the protection against extreme change in pH and temperature. Finally, the cell wall considers tough, elastic and plays important role in drug trafficking in or out the BGs. The amount of DOX loaded inside the BGs was determined in this study instead of its determination on the surface of BGs. Hence, this process can be considered as an encapsulation instead of adsorption of DOX on the surface of BGs. In addition, the current study is focusing on selected factors that could be controlled to ensure drug loading in the following section.