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Marine Biopolymers
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Chitin is the polysaccharide composed of β-(1→4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and is the second biosynthesis biopolymer in quantity in the world, just after cellulose. Chitin is synthesized in nature to form the structural components such as in the exoskeleton of arthropods or in the cell wall of fungi and yeast. The main source of commercial production of chitin is only from crab and shrimp shells. The chitin production has two main steps: demineralization by acid and deproteinization by alkaline. The remaining component in the crustacean shells after these operations is mainly chitin. The yield of chitin in commercial sources as lobster, crab, and shrimp shell waste is about 17.5% (lobster shell waste), 20% (shrimp shell waste), and 23.75% (Squilla shell waste) (Mohan et al., 2021). Under the conditions of concentrated alkaline and high temperature, the chitin is partially deacetylated, but can be soluble in a dilute acid solution, referred to as chitosan.
Utilization of Fisheries' By-Products for Functional Foods
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Muhamad Darmawan, Nurrahmi Dewi Fajarningsih, Sihono, Hari Eko Irianto
Due to their physicochemical and biological properties, chitin, chitosan and its derivatives have the potential to be used as functional substrates for needs in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, food and environmental industries (Philibert et al., 2017). Chitin and chitosan show excellent biological properties, such as being nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable in the human body, and display various bioactivities, including immuno-stimulant, anticancer, antibacterial, wound healing and hemostatic (Dash et al., 2011). Thus, chitin is used for various applications, such as tissue engineering and drug delivery and as an excipient and drug carrier in film, gel or powder form for applications involving mucoadhesive (Philibert et al., 2017). One of the most well-known applications of chitosan is in the dietetic field, where it acts as a dietary fiber. Due to its chemical composition, chitosan is able to bind fatty and oily substances, favoring their elimination (Gallo et al., 2016). Moreover, due to the important characteristics of chitosan, such as its gel-forming capability, high adsorption capacity physicochemical characteristics, chemical stability, high reactivity and excellent chelation behavior, it has become an attractive alternative to other biomaterials available in the market (Dash et al., 2011; Thirunavukkarasu and Shanmugam, 2009).
Pharmaceutical and Methodological Aspects of Microparticles
Published in Neville Willmott, John Daly, Microspheres and Regional Cancer Therapy, 2020
Yan Chen, Mark A. Burton, Bruce N. Gray
More recently polysaccharides, such as chitin and chitosan, have been investigated as drug carriers.12,23 They are hydrophobic and may chelate with metals, which is useful in formulation of sustained release carriers for metal-based drugs, such as cisplatin. Nishioka et al.12 demonstrated that addition of chitin into albumin microspheres, or treatment of the microspheres with chitosan, sustained the release of cisplatin. In addition, incorporation of chitin into albumin microspheres almost doubled cisplatin loading. Although chitin is biodegradable and is readily formulated into microspheres, its insolubility in water and most common organic solvents (except strong acids)limits its clinical application. In an attempt to overcome this, water-soluble derivatives, such as carboxymethyl-chitin and dihydroxypropyl-chitin, have been developed.57 In particular, carboxymethyl-chitin has shown potential as a useful sustained release microparticulate carrier for proteins and anticancer drugs.23
Chitosan as a potential biomaterial for the management of oral mucositis, a common complication of cancer treatment
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Sudhanshu Ranjan Rout, Biswakanth Kar, Deepak Pradhan, Prativa Biswasroy, Jitu Haldar, Tushar Kanti Rajwar, Manoj Kumar Sarangi, Vineet Kumar Rai, Goutam Ghosh, Goutam Rath
Chitosan, the linear cationic biopolymer, is generally composed of deacetylated units of D-glucosamine and the acetylated units of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine through β-(1→4)-glycosidic linkage, is the second most prevalently occurring biopolymer following cellulose. The primary source of chitosan is chitin, which is generally obtained from crustacean’s shells, molluscs, insect exoskeletons, and fungal cell walls (Kean and Thanou 2011; Xiong et al. 2019; Sivaramakrishna et al. 2020). However, chitosan can also be obtained chemically and enzymatically, where the degree of deacetylation and an enzyme chitin deacetylase plays a part (El Knidri et al. 2018; Mathew et al. 2021). Usually, chitosan has a powdered solid white flake-like appearance that possesses biodegradable and biocompatible capacities and non-toxicity. Besides, chitosan possesses some other inherent properties like; anti-microbial, mucoadhesive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity, which have contributed to chitosan’s broad appeal by making chitosan to be employed in various fields such as biomedicine and food manufacturing, agriculture, and so on (Park and Kim 2010; Sahariah and Masson 2017; He et al. 2020) Figure 1.
High iron-mediated increased oral fungal burden, oral-to-gut transmission, and changes to pathogenicity of Candida albicans in oropharyngeal candidiasis
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Aparna Tripathi, Anubhav Nahar, Rishabh Sharma, Trevor Kanaskie, Nezar Al-Hebshi, Sumant Puri
With regard to mannan, only 28.57% of the oral isolates showed the iron-effect (with significantly lower mannan levels in high iron cells, compared to cells grown in low iron), while another 28.57% of the isolates showed the opposite effect; 42.86% of the isolates showed no difference between low and high iron cells (Figure 3(a)). For chitin levels, 42.86% of the isolates showed the iron-effect (with significantly lower chitin levels in high iron cells, compared to low iron cells), while the remaining 57.14% isolates showed the opposite effect (Figure 3(b)). Further, β-1,3 glucan levels in cells grown in high iron were significantly higher in 28.57% isolates, compared to low iron cells (thus showing the iron-effect), while 14.29% of the isolates showed the opposite effect; and 57.14% of C. albicans isolates showed no difference upon growth in low and high iron (Figure 3(c)). Thus, the effect of iron on the C. albicans cell wall composition was not uniform and varied between different oral isolates.
Serum chitotriosidase: a circulating biomarker in polycythemia vera
Published in Hematology, 2018
Ivan Krecak, Velka Gveric-Krecak, Pavle Roncevic, Sandra Basic-Kinda, Josipa Gulin, Ivana Lapic, Ksenija Fumic, Ivana Ilic, Ivana Horvat, Renata Zadro, Hrvoje Holik, Bozena Coha, Nena Peran, Igor Aurer, Nadira Durakovic
Chitotriosidase enzyme (CHIT1 or chitinase-1), belongs to a family of various chitinase and chitinase-like proteins, and is one of the most abundantly secreted proteins, being mainly produced by activated macrophages, granulocytes and epithelial cells. Its natural substrate chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose. Chitin is a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine and the main component of the cell walls of fungi and protozoa, egg shells of helminthes, and the exoskeletons of arthropods and insects. Although mammals do not contain chitin, CHIT1 plays a pivotal role in the defense against chitin-containing microorganisms such as fungi, insects and some bacteria [31–37]. Macrophages release CHIT1 after toll-like receptor stimulation and after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-gamma and TNF-α [38,39].