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Environment and health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Tristi Brownett, Joanne Cairns
Increased rainfall and severe weather are consequences of climate change. The worst, immediate impact of storms and flash flooding is loss of life through drowning, but more pervasive is the damage to homes and businesses that can take months to dry out and repair. Sewage can wash into rivers and buildings, creating the potential for microbiological health hazards such as those which cause gastrointestinal illness. The loss of people’s income, possessions and personal security is devastating and where livestock is drowned and crops destroyed, the potential for starvation and famine is high. Families and communities may not recover for years. Without help, especially international support for poorer countries, disease and death rates will rise primarily due to a lack of shelter, a lack of reliable, affordable and accessible energy which we call ‘energy security’ and the transmission of diseases (IPCC, 2014).
Distribution
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
In his exhaustive review on the natural distribution of the RNA phages, Kohsuke Furuse (1987) indicated seven potential phage sources: (i) sewage from domestic drainage, (ii) raw sewage from treatment plants, (iii) animal feces including those of man, cows, pigs, and several animals in zoological gardens, (iv) river water, (v) pond or lake water, (vi) irrigation water, and (vii) seawater, where the first three were the most suitable sources for the isolation of the RNA coliphages. Thus, the coliphages were detected in almost all sewage samples collected from the domestic drainage examined. The amounts of total coliphages in this material were fairly high, ranging from 10 to 107 pfu/mL (many between 102 and 105 pfu/mL) and the relative amounts of the RNA phages in the sewage samples were high, occupying 10%–90% of the total coliphages isolated. As a result, the 1020 strains isolated in the large Japanese survey were classified into one of the four known RNA phage groups (Furuse 1987).
Handling, Maintenance, and Disposal of Animals Containing Radioactivity
Published in Howard J. Glenn, Lelio G. Colombetti, Biologic Applications of Radiotracers, 2019
The facility should be large enough to contain the animals without overcrowding. Occasionally, animals will be spread among more cages to reduce radiation intensities for investigator personnel as well as animal handlers. Facilities should be large enough to permit separation of experiments and to prevent cross contamination. Capabilities for accumulation and disposal of waste products are essential. Disposal as sewage may be possible. It is well to consider building a hold-up tank into an animal facility. Specified rooms and even a certain sink (“hot” sink) can be drained into the hold-up tank when necessary. The drain water can be tested to determine whether it is permissible to release it into the sewer. Water containing excessive radioactivity may require some dilution prior to release. In any event, knowledge of the average daily water flow from an institution is required. Only then can permissible concentrations and quantities for release be determined.
Pulsatile flow of thixotropic blood in artery under external body acceleration
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Louiza Cheffar, Abdelhakim Benslimane, Djamel Sadaoui, Adel Benchabane, Karim Bekkour
Whereas many studies have considered Newtonian, non-Newtonian and viscoelastic assumptions, studies regarding the time-dependent thixotropic effect exhibited by physiological systems such as blood are fewer despite its importance in blood flow modeling. However, the concept of thixotropy is well established and the related rheological experimentation has already been extensively investigated (Barnes 1997; de Souza Mendes et al. 2012; Pritchard et al. 2020) given the widespread nature of thixotropic fluid applications. Thixotropic fluids are commonly used in the construction industry (e.g. liquid cements, liquid concrete, drilling fluids), industrial applications (e.g. muds, paints) and the food industry (e.g. liquid dairy products, ketchup). Related applications include some forms of mud flows and debris flows, pasty sewage sludges and some wastewater treatment residues (Benslimane et al. 2016a, 2016b).
Menstrual Stigma Rearticulated as Environmental Pollution in Contemporary Scottish Policy-Making
Published in Women's Reproductive Health, 2023
Environmental concerns center on the plastic pollution caused by disposable menstrual products such as tampons and pads, which contain high levels of non-degradable plastics (Somers, Alfaro & Lewis, 2021), as well as tampon applicators and wrappers usually entirely made of plastics. Single-use disposables are identified as problematic in terms of marine pollution as well as through the volume of waste generated (an estimated annual 427.5 million items in Scotland alone; Zero Waste Scotland, 2019, p. 4). Waste from disposable menstrual products is anticipated to increase exponentially over the coming years, as menstruators1 in the Global South switch from reusable, often homemade items to disposable, industrially made products (e.g., Fortune Business Insights, 2021). This waste not only accumulates in landfills: Disposable products are often flushed into sewage systems where water companies do not adequately clear them. In some areas, particularly (but not only) in the Global South, disposable menstrual products are also thrown away directly into watercourses. In both cases, discarded disposables end up as sewage-related debris in the marine environment (Cole et al., 2019; European Commission, 2018; Jackson & Tehan, 2019; Marine Conservation Society, 2021). While the problem with disposal of single-use products is expressed primarily in terms of waste and marine pollution, other environmental concerns are the CO2 emission and use of oil and other finite resources in the production of single-use items.
Emergency response plan for methane and chlorine with dispersion modelling using CAMEO
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Chinnakannu Jayakumar, Steffy Isac, D. M. Reddy Prasad
An emergency is a condition that is caused by an incident that can cause serious injury, loss of life or extensive damage to plants and property. Emergency conditions arise by powers that are either man-made or naturally occurring [14]. The wastewater is collected at the sewage treatment plant (STP) and transferred to a treatment facility where contaminants are reduced prior to discharge. There is a reduced risk to public health and the environment when these systems operate as intended. However, there may be increased risks in the event of an emergency, as hazardous and flammable gases are stored and used in the plant [15,16]. Domestic sewage contains various sludge. This is digested by a sludge digester, which produces methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), etc. The produced gases are stored in a gas holder. The composition of wastewater digester gas varies, though the primary constituents are methane and carbon dioxide. Trace amounts of nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen sulphide may also be present. While the gas compensation will fluctuate depending on temperatures and the process itself, the methane-rich gas (∼60–70% methane) becomes an attractive energy source. A major emergency is created due to the leakage of the stored gas. Since methane has the highest composition (60–75%) compared to all other gases, it is taken for further analysis.