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The Challenge of Parasite Control
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Transmission control is often successful, but it can be limited by logistical difficulties in rural settings, problems in getting people to change their habits, or, in the case of vector-borne parasites, the development of pesticide resistance in the involved vectors. Chemotherapy has in many cases resulted in dramatic improvements in public health, but there are few effective drugs for many parasitic infections and many currently used drugs are difficult to administer and cause significant side effects. There is therefore a desperate need for new therapeutic agents. The usefulness of those drugs presently available is also all too often undermined by the development of resistance and even the best drugs are unable to prevent reinfection. Vaccines offer hope in this respect, but to date, that hope is largely unrealized. There are a number of thorny problems to overcome in the development of vaccines against eukaryotic parasites, including the difficulty of generating the proper cell-mediated immunity, and the complex evasive strategies used by many parasites.
Animal Health and Indigenous Knowledge Systems
Published in David R. Katerere, Wendy Applequist, Oluwaseyi M. Aboyade, Chamunorwa Togo, Traditional and Indigenous Knowledge for the Modern Era, 2019
Lilian Mukandiwa, Donald R. Siba
On the other hand, indigenous livestock disease management practices that are largely not dependent on modern medicines have been shown to be mostly effective, sustainable, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and practical. It is indisputable that the development of drug and pesticide resistance is as a result of exposure to the chemical or related chemicals concerned. Reviewing the indigenous knowledge systems, it is also inarguable that there was no use of these synthetic chemicals and no issues of resistance, yet diseases and pests were controlled for decades before the introduction of the chemicals. In addition, there were also no issues of environmental contamination, the control agents would be organic farming friendly in the modern era, and most importantly, the control agents were easily accessible in terms of both cost and availability. This situation drives the impetus to look for insights from indigenous knowledge systems for sustainable practices for the management of animal health and welfare that can be applied in the modern era.
The Challenge of Parasite Control
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2015
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Transmission control is often successful, but it can be limited by logistical difficulties in rural settings, problems in getting people to change their habits, or, in the case of vector-borne parasites, the development of pesticide resistance in the involved vectors. Chemotherapy has in many cases resulted in dramatic improvements in public health, but there are no effective drugs for many parasitic infections and many currently used drugs are difficult to administer and cause significant side effects. There is therefore a desperate need for new therapeutic agents. The usefulness of those drugs presently available is also all too often undermined by the development of resistance and even the best drugs are unable to prevent reinfection. Vaccines offer hope in this respect, but to date, that hope is largely unrealized. There are a number of thorny problems to overcome in the development of vaccines against eukaryotic parasites, including the difficulty of generating the proper cell-mediated immunity, and the complex evasive strategies used by many parasites.
The role of UDP-glycosyltransferases in xenobioticresistance
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Diana Dimunová, Petra Matoušková, Radka Podlipná, Iva Boušová, Lenka Skálová
The application of chemical-based insecticides is the primary strategy for the control of many insect pest species. However, this strategy has resulted in the evolution of resistance, leading to considerable yield losses of crops. Based on the Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database (https://www.pesticideresistance.org/), one of the most successful species reported to having developed resistance to 56 different insecticides is Leptinotarsa decemlineata, the Colorado potato beetle, a destructive pest of solanaceous crops such as the potato and tomato. Understanding the mechanisms of insecticide resistance would aid in the development of novel chemicals and other strategies of pest control. Among such mechanisms, several metabolic enzymes that transform chemical insecticides to less toxic compounds have been identified, including cytochromes P450 (Feyereisen et al. 2015; Cui et al. 2016; Jin et al. 2019), glutathione S-transferases (Hu, Zhang, et al. 2019), and esterases (Mao et al. 2021).
Microencapsulation of an indigenous isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis by spray drying
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Ardahan Eski, Zihni Demirbağ, İsmail Demir
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was first isolated by Ishiwata (1901) from the silkworms (Bombyx mori) larvae. The first morphologically valid description was made by Berliner (1915). The first application of Bt was performed at the end of 1920 in Hungary and Yugoslavia to control the Europen corn borer. During the following years, several field tests were conducted to determine the effect on the lepidopteran pests and the first commercial product, Sporeine was developed in France at the end of 1930. The Green Revolution led to a quantum jump in agricultural production via the intensive use of inputs like chemical fertilisers and pesticides etc. But, the indiscriminately used chemical insecticide led to pesticide resistance, pest resurgence, outbreak of secondary pests, pesticide residues in the products, soil, air, and water. To neutralise this pollution, as an entomopathogenic organism, B. thuringiensis attracts attention. Subspecies of B. thuringiensis that are used as biopesticides include B. thuringiensis tenebrionis (targeting coleopterans), B. thuringiensis kurstaki (targeting lepidopterans), B. thuringiensis israelensis (targeting mosquitos) (Zhang et al. 2009, Kovendan et al. 2011, Eski et al. 2017).
Preparation and characterisation of polylactic acid modified polyurethane microcapsules for controlled-release of chlorpyrifos
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Ting Zheng, Kui Chen, Wanyu Chen, Bin Wu, Yong Sheng, Yao Xiao
Agricultural production continues to be challenged by a large number of insect pests, diseases, and weeds, which account for 40% losses to the toll of $2000 billion per year (Liu et al.2016). In order to reduce these losses and enhance productivity, about 2 million tons of agrochemicals are indiscriminately used every year all over the world. However, about 90% of traditional dosage forms of pesticides are lost due to their volatilisation, leaching, surface runoff, biodegradation, hydrolysis and photolysis, and less than 0.1% of the applied pesticides actually deposit on the target pests (Kashyap et al.2015). Spreading of excessive agrochemicals in the environment has caused many problems, including deterioration of agro-ecosystems, groundwater contamination (Kumar et al.2014) and soil degradation, exposure threat to human and animal health and safety, pesticide resistance in the target organisms and residue problems (Liu et al.2016). Pesticide-inefficient and environmental problems motivate the researchers to develop a safe, effective and eco-friendly pesticide formulation (Kashyap et al.2015).