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Cancer
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Occupational exposure to improper use of pesticides may increase risk of some cancers, but it’s not clear whether choosing organic foods reduces cancer risk (Rock et al., 2020). Pesticide residue is generally lower in organic foods, yet data from the USDA Pesticide Data Program (PDP) shows many conventionally produced foods with no detectable pesticide residue, and more than 98% with residue levels below EPA tolerances (USDA, 2020). One analysis suggests that selective choice of organic leafy greens and soft-skinned fruit may reduce relevant pesticide exposure (Benbrook & Davis, 2020), whereas another concluded that switching to organic produce does not result in any appreciable reduction of health risks (Winter & Katz, 2011). There is currently no substantiated evidence that foods from genetically engineered crops (such as GMO) increase cancer risk (National Academies of Sciences, 2016; Rock et al., 2020). Since organic foods are generally more expensive than similar conventionally produced choices, it is worth emphasizing that current evidence supports greater reduction in cancer risk by consuming more vegetables, fruits, and whole grains than by choosing organic options (Rock et al., 2020).
Consumer Views on Health Issues Arising from Food Products
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Harita R. Desai, Murlidhar Meghwal
The ALARA (As Low as Reasonably Achievable) principle is adopted to regulate the residual levels of pesticide in a crop harvest. A maximum level (MRL) is set for the potential residue, which is used as a trading standard and in the assessment of correct applications of a particular pesticide. The use of a pesticide above the MRL level indicates the inappropriate usage of the pesticide but does not indicate a concern to consumer health. Food products exhibiting pesticide residues above the MRL level are exempted from marketing. To restrict the level of pesticide in a particular food product below the MRL level, a farmer is required to use the pesticide as per good agricultural practices and according to the instructions on the pesticide package label [122].
Efficacy, Safety, and Toxicological Aspects of Nutraceuticals
Published in Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak, Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Jayvadan K. Patel, Anita Patel
Most extensively used chemicals in the earth are pesticides, and they are also one of the most hazardous contaminations for humans. The application of pesticides in modern cultivation becomes indispensable for a growing demand of quantity and quality in products, particularly to increase crop productivity and minimize any possible loss due to uncontrollable pests. Lot of diverse adverse health effects occur because of exposure to pesticide residues such as asthma, skin rashes, chronic problems including cancer (Zuin and Vilegas 2000; Calvert et al. 2004; Parrón et al. 2011). These pesticides, in addition, demonstrate long-term toxicity, mainly, cancer and endocrine disruption capacity (Mnif et al. 2011).
Tefluthrin: metabolism, food residues, toxicity, and mechanisms of action
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Xiaohui Wang, Houpeng Li, Simeng Wang, María-Aránzazu Martínez, Irma Ares, Marta Martínez, María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga, Xu Wang, Arturo Anadón, Jorge-Enrique Maximiliano
Tefluthrin might play a critical role as an environmental pollutant. There have been many scientific reports of pesticide residues in foods, such as milk, vegetables, fruits, tea, and aquatic products (Di Muccio et al. 1997, 1999; Tagami et al. 2008). Several insecticides used in corn production have been monitored in field studies to determine how long each persists in the environment and where each insecticide travels within the corn field. Tefluthrin, applied at planting to control corn rootworm larvae (Diabrotica spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) populations, was consistently detected in soil, runoff water, and runoff sediment during the corn growing season (Whiting et al. 2014). Maximum tefluthrin concentrations in surface runoff water 1 week after planting were 100 and 640 ng L−1, which are comparable to measurements reported by Schreiber et al. (1993). The estimating half-life of tefluthrin in soil averaged 35 d, and 6 months post-application, an average of 7% of tefluthrin remained in the soil (soil samples were on average 27% clay, 70% silt, and 3% sand) (Whiting et al. 2014). Tefluthrin can be transported off-site in runoff water and sediment following application, with decreasing concentrations throughout the growing season. Pyrethroids accumulate in sediments, which are a source of pyrethroid residues in aquatic products. Pyrethroids including tefluthrin can be detected in various environmental media (soils, water, and sediments) and organisms (plants, animals, and humans) (Tang et al. 2018).
Non-thermal techniques: a new approach to removing pesticide residues from fresh products and water
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Reza Abedi-Firoozjah, Zahra Ghasempour, Sirous Khorram, Arezou Khezerlou, Ali Ehsani
In general, there are diverse guidelines for pesticide applications before and after harvesting crops. In developing countries, the high availability of these compounds makes them a common and popular method for use in agriculture. On the other hand, for controlling pests in short periods, farmers usually use higher doses than those recommended. Hence, large amounts of pesticide residues remain on vegetables and fruits that are frequently transferred to markets without washing or with minimal processing. For this reason, these products may be consumed with pesticides in ranges above the permitted limits (Misra 2015). On the other hand, the use of pesticides in agriculture increased in the past century due to the need for increased food production. Hence, the health and environmental problems related to pesticide residues are major concerns on a global scale (Misra et al. 2014).
Regulatory assessment and risk management of chemical mixtures: challenges and ways forward
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Stephanie K. Bopp, Aude Kienzler, Andrea-Nicole Richarz, Sander C. van der Linden, Alicia Paini, Nikolaos Parissis, Andrew P. Worth
For example, for human health, the risk assessment of pharmaceuticals (Directive 2001/83/EC) requires an in-depth assessment of the potential interactions with other pharmaceuticals, dietary components or tobacco where co-exposure can be expected. For pesticide residues in food and feed (Regulation (EC) No 396/2005), co-exposure to various pesticide active substance residues via the diet specifically is taken into account in setting maximum residue levels. The methodology to group pesticides with common effects is currently being developed (EFSA 2014), but it does not (yet) take into account potential co-exposure via other (non-dietary) sources.