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Essential Oils Used in Veterinary Medicine
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
K. Can Başer Hüsnü, Chlodwig Franz
Methylsalicylate, the main component of the essential oil of Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen), is topically used as emulsion in cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and poultry in the treatment of muscular and articular pain. The recommended dose is 600 mg/kg bw twice a day. The duration of treatment is usually less than 1 week (EMA, 1999). It is included in Annex II of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2377/90 as a substance that does not need an maximum residue limit (MRL) level. G. procumbens should not be used as flavoring in pet food since salicylates are toxic to dogs and cats. As cats metabolize salicylates much more slowly than other species, they are more likely to be overdosed. Use of methylsalicylate in combination with anticoagulants such as warfarin can result in adverse interactions and bleedings (Chow et al., 1989; Yip et al., 1990; Ramanathan, 1995; Tam et al., 1995).
Risk Assessment in Practice and Setting Exposure Limits
Published in David Woolley, Adam Woolley, Practical Toxicology, 2017
Exposure limits that are applied to the general population cover chemicals such as food additives or pesticides (ADI), although a similar limit, the tolerable daily intake (TDI), is used for residues of veterinary drugs and food contaminants (which may be pesticides but may also be other unintended contaminants such as aflatoxins). The TTC is increasingly used to establish a threshold for chemicals in food and other substances such as pharmaceuticals; these are discussed in more detail at the end of this chapter. The maximum residue limit (MRL) is an offshoot of the ADI/TDI and refers to the upper limits of residual drug or pesticide that is allowable in food that reaches the supermarket; in turn, this limit influences the interval that is allowed between application or treatment and harvest. These various limits refer to the chemical of concern or, in some cases, to metabolites or other degradation products. A further measurement is becoming more common, the biological threshold limit value (TLV), in which a biological marker (such as cholinesterase inhibition) is used to define the limit of effect beyond which exposure should cease or be reduced.
The impact of accuracy and precision of analytical test methods on the determination of withdrawal periods
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
J. Barthel, S. Scheid, K. Schmidt, F. Schulz, W. Terhalle
The treatment of food-producing animals with a veterinary medicinal product (VMP) might lead to the occurrence of residues in foodstuffs such as meat, milk, eggs, or honey with potential relevance on consumer health, e.g. potentially harmful residues of antibiotics are very often the subject of public debate. In order to ensure consumer safety, various risk management strategies are utilised by regulatory authorities worldwide. These include e.g. the setting of tolerances in the United States of America or maximum residue limits (MRLs) in the European Union for residues of VMPs, and of withdrawal periods to ensure depletion of residues to acceptable concentrations (EC 2009, 2010; FDA 2016; EU 2019). In the European Union a MRL defines the maximum concentration of residues of a pharmacologically active substance which is legally permitted in food commodities at the time when they enter the food chain (EU 2017). Its derivation is based on a comprehensive risk assessment for the substance using exposure estimates and pharmacological/toxicological data to characterise the hazard (EC 2009, 2010; EU 2019). To ensure that an MRL in edible tissues, milk, eggs, and honey is not exceeded, a so-called withdrawal period (WP) for each VMP is established. This is the time period between the last administration of the VMP and the earliest possible time point for the production of marketable foodstuffs (e.g. slaughter, marketing of milk, or harvesting honey) (EMA 2021, 2022).
Toxicity induced by ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin: oxidative stress and metabolism
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Sara Badawy, YaQin Yang, Yanan Liu, Marawan A. Marawan, Irma Ares, María-Aránzazu Martinez, María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga, Xu Wang, Arturo Anadón, Marta Martínez
The EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) classify CIP and ENR as CIAs and categorize them as category B (restrict) their use only allowed under specific circumstances in animal husbandry (EFSA 2017). The crucially vital antimicrobials for human health, must not be administered for prevention or as first-line therapy in food producing animals (WHO 2019). Moreover, it is vital to establish the maximum residue limits (MRL) of drugs including ENR in food animals to ensure the safety of foods derived from treated animals. Drug residues should not exceed the recommended MRL values for their edible tissues in food animals (Anadón et al. 2018). The European Commission has set MRL values for ENR in the edible tissues of several food animal species (Table 2) (EC 2009, 2010). To guarantee consumer safety, a conservative decision was made to apply a final withdrawal period of 7, 10, and 13 days for chickens, pigs and turkeys, respectively (Anadón et al. 1999; San Martin et al. 2007). The withdrawal period is settled to certify that all edible tissues are free from any harmful residues, or their levels are tolerated (lower than MRL) (Anadón et al. 19922018).
Acetamiprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in PC12 cells
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Emna Annabi, Intidhar Ben Salem, Salwa Abid-Essefi
Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the mechanism of action of ACM-induced cytotoxicity in cultured PC12 cells. Our results showed that exposure of PC12 cells to ACM leads to cell death with an IC50 of 220 µM (0.048 mg/ml) as shown by the MTT test. These results are supported by other in vitro studies, which demonstrated that ACM is cytotoxic on mammalian cells (Kocaman and Topaktaş 2007). Maximum residue limits (MRLs) for ACM have been suggested in official legislations from different countries (Liu et al. 2019). For instance, the MRLs in apple, cabbage, grain, and tea are 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 50.0 mg/kg respectively set by EPA in U.S (Berlina et al. 2013). Lower values of 0.8, 1.0, 0.5, and 10 mg/kg are seen in China [National food safety standard MRLs for pesticides in food (GB 2763-2016)]. Moreover, increasingly strict MRLs in the EU, set to 0.8, 1.5, 0.01, and 0.05 mg/kg, is worthy of special attention (Duan et al. 2015). Thus, serious and stubborn IC50 seems not to be very high according to these values. Because of the nature of systemic property, neonics would be uptake by the roots of the plants once applied and then distributed to all tissues of the plants, including pollen in which can then be dispersed to the ambient air by wind or pollinators. Previous studies have shown the high frequency of detection of neonics in pollen (Williamson et al. 2014; Kiljanek et al. 2016; Watson and Stallins 2016).