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Cutaneous Photosensitization
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Another method has been developed for investigating the phototoxic potential of NSAIDs in humans.45 The method involves patients taking the appropriate drug orally for at least 1 week at the time of phototesting. The light source consists of a 900 W xenon arc lamp optically coupled to a single grating monochromator. Light is transmitted from the exit slit of the monochromator through a liquid-filled light guide to permit irradiation of a limited area of skin (0.5 cm diameter) in a controlled manner. Alternatively, banks of four to six fluorescent lamps may be used to irradiate relatively large areas of skin. Protective goggles should be worn by both patient and investigator to shield the eyes from short-wave UV light. The back of each patient is used as the phototesting site because of the high sensitivity and more uniform response to UV radiation than most other locations. Subjects are irradiated with a 20 nm bandwidth centered around 320 nm. Each individual is given a series of radiation doses ranging from 0.5 to 4 J/cm2 in a geometric fashion equivalent to doubling alternate exposures. Test sites are examined following exposure and the minimum radiation dose inducing the immediate reactions of urticarial wheals, erythema, and flaring is recorded. Subjective sensations of itching and burning also are noted.
Principles of the Laser and Applications
Published in Sujoy K. Guba, Bioengineering in Reproductive Medicine, 2020
With the development in laser technology over the past two decades some of the classes of hazards for instance from chemical contaminants are no longer significant in biomedical laser work but in respect of others the risks have in no way diminished. Cornea of the eye can opacify and ulcerate on exposure to carbon dioxide laser beam whether direct or indirect. Operating personnel may suffer skin burns and plume fragments may transfer malignant cells from a patient to the respiratory system of the operating personnel. Very strict safety measures are therefore essential. Although all aspects are important special attention is to be given to wearing safety glasses. The characteristics of the goggles depend upon the type of laser being operated. This requirement applies not only to the surgeon but to all other staff in the operation theatre. In general exposure should be avoided as best possible. All personnel at the commencement of induction into the laser team must undergo thorough medical examination especially of the systems more likely to be affected. Periodic follow up examinations are mandatory. Detailed safety codes have been formulated. The American National Standards Institute Z 136.1 covers standards in respect of the “safe use of lasers”.18 Standards are still very much in evolution and safety measures in all installations must be periodically reviewed.
Chemical Leukoderma (Depigmentation)
Published in Francis N. Marzulli, Howard I. Maibach, Dermatotoxicology Methods: The Laboratory Worker’s Vade Mecum, 2019
Howard I. Maibach, Jorge R. Toro, Gerald A. Gellin, Leslie P. McCarty
Repigmentation after exposure to depigmenting agents is highly variable. Aside from individual variation, it is related to the degree and length of exposure to the agent. After application of MBEH for 30 days, repigmentation occurred 1 month after cessation of application (Denton et al., 1952). After workers ceased wearing rubber gloves containing MBEH, repigmentation commenced, but the degree of repigmentation is not stated (Oliver et al., 1939). Black subjects tested with 20% or 5% MBEH (Lerner and Fitzpatrick, 1953) had one subject who depigmented in 1 month and repigmentation was complete 2 months later. A case of depigmentation resulting from rubber swim goggles containing a depigmenting agent gradually repigmented over an 8-week period after use of the goggles was discontinued (Goette, 1984). MBEH was used to depigment black subjects, and in some, white patches remained after 2 years, and the investigators speculated it might be permanent (Becker and Spencer, 1962). Some subjects tested with TBP repigmented within 6 months, but others remained depigmented after 1 year (Kahn, 1970). Those areas that depigmented least, repigmented first.
The use of acrylic window as protective physical barrier against coronavirus infection in the context of voice disorders
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2021
Panagiotis Plotas, Konstantinos Kagkelaris, Ariadni Konstantopoulou, Constantine Georgakopoulos, Eleni Jelastopulu
Additionally, fitted goggles should be worn for eye protection, since face shields are not adequate eye protection during high-risk AGPs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005; Chee, Khoo, Lee, Lai, & Chin, 2004; Garcia Godoy et al., 2020; Howard, 2020; Miles et al., 2020; Vergara et al., 2020). Two separate reports from SARS-COV-2 positive patients, who underwent transnasal pituitary surgery and the involved healthcare personnel contracted COVID-19, suggest possible insufficiency of the proposed PPEs, including the use of N95 masks (Huang, Zhu, Zhao, & Jiang, 2020; Patel et al., 2020). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) masks with an N95 filter capacity have the lowest level of approved respiratory protection for airborne SARS viruses (Howard, 2020).
COVID-19 and dermatological personal protective equipment considerations
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Travis S. Dowdle, Mallory Thompson, Mahmud Alkul, Jeannie M. Nguyen, Ashley L. E. Sturgeon
Goggles shield the eyes from infectious pathogens. The CDC recommends indirectly vented goggles for infection control purposes.11 Adverse skin reactions from goggles are common, with 83.1% of HCWs in Hubei, China, reporting either nasal bridge desquamation or pressure bruising.6 The mechanical trauma of goggles disrupts the skin integrity, resulting in xerosis and aggravation of underlying dermatosis.12 Less common were reports of acne, irritant contact dermatitis, and allergic contact dermatitis due to goggle use >6 hours. The proposed mechanism for the association of goggles and acne includes occlusion and friction due to tight-fitting equipment. Microscopically, the skin undergoes rupture of microcomedones and subsequent acneiform eruption.13
Normative values for semicircular canal function with the video head impulse test (vHIT) in healthy adolescents
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Tuğba Emekci, Kadriye Şerife Uğur, Deniz Uğur Cengiz, Fatma Men Kılınç
In a study examining the VOR gain relationships with volunteers aged 10–89 years, the VOR gains were observed to decrease only in individuals aged 80–89 years [7]. The VOR gains can be expected to decrease with increasing age and neurodegeneration. In our study of adolescents in whom the development was at the highest level, the mean VOR gain value was close to 1, it was 0.96 in the lateral canal, 0.89 in the anterior canal and 0.87 in the posterior canal. In a study with the vHIT, the authors stated that there was no connection between age up to 70 years and gain values, and the VOR gain value decreased between the ages of 71–90 [13]. In another study, it was reported that the lateral semicircular canal VOR gains might decrease with age in normal individuals, but this decrease was still above 0.76 [4]. In a study on possible causes that may result from errors in the vHIT measurement, the authors reported that higher gain in the lateral canals might be caused by loosening of the headband or slippage of the goggles, and this problem could be solved with a more advanced system [17]. In our study, the lateral VOR gain values were observed to be higher. In our study, inspired by this study, the headbands of the goggles were placed as tight as possible to prevent erroneous measurements.