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The Medical Examiner Service and Child Death Reviews
Published in Jason Payne-James, Suzy Lishman, The Medical Examiner Service, 2023
Child mortality can be subdivided into neonatal mortality (deaths below 28 days of age), infant mortality (deaths below 1 year of age) and child mortality, which includes deaths of all individuals up to their 18th birthday. There are approximately 5000 deaths in children aged 0–18 years each year in the UK, with 3347 child deaths occurring in England in the year to 31 March 2020.2 There has been a decline in infant and child deaths in the last decades but the UK rates remain above those of many Western European countries. In 2012 more than 3000 children died before the age of 1. In 2019, there were 2390 infant deaths (under 1 year) and 907 deaths in children aged 1–15 years in England and Wales.3 Both the National Child Mortality Database (NCMD) and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) provide regular insights into the patterns of child death, and the NCMD now generates data and reports to inform understanding and learning. It is helpful for MEs to know the main learning from such reviews to help inform their thoughts on individual cases.
Niger
Published in Ebby Elahi, World Compendium of Healthcare Facilities and Nonprofit Organizations, 2021
Despite extreme poverty, life expectancy and child mortality rates have been improving over the decades. The leading causes of death include diarrheal diseases, malaria, lower respiratory infections, neonatal disorders, measles, meningitis, tuberculosis, and invasive nontyphoidal salmonella (iNTS). Non-communicable diseases such as stroke, ischemic heart diseases, and congenital defects have also increased to contribute to a significant number of deaths over time. Malnutrition is the main risk factor for death and disability, as 46 percent of children under age five suffer from chronic malnutrition, and about 10 percent suffer from acute malnutrition. Pediatric ailments persist due to a young population, with death from neonatal disorders rising dramatically. Niger has the highest fertility rate in the world, with approximately seven children per woman.
Fractional Calculus Approach in SIRS-SI Model for Malaria Disease with Mittag-Leffler Law
Published in Devendra Kumar, Jagdev Singh, Fractional Calculus in Medical and Health Science, 2020
Jagdev Singh, Sunil Dutt Purohit, Devendra Kumar
Malaria is transmitted from one person to another person by a particular female mosquito, namely, the Anopheles mosquito, which is one of the most effective vectors for human disease. Several species have been discovered to be the vectors in various parts of the globe. In Africa, the chief vector is found to be A. gambiae complex and in the region of North America that is known as A. freeborni. In India, approximately 45 different species of the mosquito have been discovered. The main vectors that have been involved in the transmission of disease malaria are A. fluviatilis, A. culicifacies, A. minimus, A. fluviatilis, A. stephensi, A. sundaicus, and A. philippinensis. These mosquitoes are found to be in different areas. A. minimus and A. fluviatilis have been discovered in hilly regions of India, A. sundaicus and A. stephensi have appeared in the coastal areas, and A. philippinensis and A. culicifacies and have appeared in the plains regions. Children are the major victims of malaria disease. Children less than 5 years old have 57% of malaria diseases fatalities. Malaria is one of the major causes of child mortality. In 2017, every 12th child that died was due to malaria.
A novel outlier statistic in multivariate survival models and its application to identify unusual under-five mortality sub-districts in Malawi
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2023
Tsirizani M. Kaombe, Samuel O. M. Manda
The main outcome was the survival time in months of a child, from birth to either death (event) or not yet dead (censored) before his or her fifth birthday. For the predictor variables, we pre-selected some of them based on the existing literature on the determinants of child mortality in the region. For our study, we included birth order, sex of child, weight of the child at birth, mother's age at childbirth, mother's education, place of residence, place of delivery and household wealth index [8,15]. In addition to controlling for the fixed effects variables, a sub-district was considered as a random effect in the shared frailty Cox regression model for the analysis of child survival in Malawi. Due to missing data in some variables, our analysis was based on complete case of 14,645 children, of whom 539 (3.68%) had died before age 60 months.
The epidemiology and characteristics of injuries to under 5’s in a secondary city in Uganda: a retrospective review of hospital data
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2022
P. Puvanachandra, C. Ssesumugabo, B. E. Balugaba, R. Ivers, O. Kobusingye, M. Peden
Uganda has an under-5 child mortality rate of 90 deaths per 1000 live births of which, 5% are attributed to injuries (Nambuusi et al., 2019; Willcox et al., 2018). Studies looking at home injuries among this population report that the majority are as a result of burns and falls (Batte et al., 2018), however, other causes including poisoning, drowning, suffocations and road traffic injuries have also been identified (Ssemugabo et al., 2018). Documenting injury characteristics such as cause, nature, location and activity at the time of injury, length of stay, and treatment received is of public health significance in designing and implementing injuries prevention programs among children under 5 years. This paper presents findings from a retrospective hospital record review of 4 hospitals in Jinja, a rural setting in Uganda. It forms part of a larger mixed-methods formative study focussing on developing evidence-based interventions in order to reduce unintentional injuries among under 5 s within the home environment in a LMIC setting.
Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among parents in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2022
Giao Huynh, Han Thi Ngoc Nguyen, Khanh Van Tran, Pham Le An, Tuan Diep Tran
Immunization is considered one of the most effective public health strategies to reduce child mortality and protect them against vaccine-preventable diseases. Nevertheless, vaccination hesitancy is still a persistent global issue affecting vaccination programs, especially the novel vaccine. Therefore, this study helps to better investigate the prevalence of parental COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy for children and identify associated factors based on the HBM model. Overall, there were 26.2% of parents reported vaccine hesitancy for their children. These findings are lower than data reported in other countries like England (48.2%) [27], Korea (35.8%) [28], the US (55.8%) [29]. Recent data reported in a systematic review of 126 studies across 31 countries showed that the acceptance of vaccines globally declined from over 70% in March to under 50% on October [30]. However, this result is much higher than our previous studies investigated vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers, students and patients in Vietnam (16–23.9%) [23,31,32]. Besides, the coverage for routine childhood vaccines has remained at more than 90% for vaccinated children in 2020 [33]. The findings suggested several barriers exist to acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccination among children, emphasizing the importance of responding to vaccine hesitancy during the planning stages of COVID-19 vaccination.