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Environmental Toxins
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Air pollution exposure is widespread, and air pollutants may be encountered in both the indoor and outdoor environments. Common air pollutants to which humans are exposed include environmental tobacco smoke, ground level ozone, and particulate matter.
Healthy and green buildings in the community
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Edmond W.M. Lam, Jacob W.K. Lam
It cannot go without saying that air pollutants are harmful to the respiratory system. Based on the studies by the Centre for Health Protection (2020), a power station is one of the sources generating different types of pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide that have potential negative health effects, ranging from physiological health problems in the body to symptoms that can be easily detected, such as itchy throat and nose, coughing and pain in the chest. Patients with chronic respiratory diseases or asthma will be even worse when they live in the environment that is surrounded by air pollutants. The most affected age groups are the elderly and children because their bodies are in the stages of ageing and growth, respectively, and so they are prone to have respiratory diseases.
Effects of Air Pollution on Allergy and Asthma
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Physicians should also advocate for the government to set air quality standards to protect the health of their citizens. The Government should routinely monitor important ambient air pollutants and the levels of these should be informed to the public when the levels are above the safety limits, so that necessary preventive measures could be advised to individuals who are susceptible to the harmful effects of air pollutants.
Adverse pulmonary effects after oral exposure to copper, manganese and mercury, alone and in mixtures, in a Spraque-Dawley rat model
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
M Draper, Mj Bester, M Van Rooy, Hm Oberholzer
Air pollutants can cause severe lung injury and pathology, such as asthma and COPD. Bronchiole epithelium is the first line of defense against air particulate and pollutants. In the lungs the alveolar wall separates adjacent alveoli, which arise from the respiratory bronchioles.36,37 The alveolar wall consists of the lining alveolar epithelium, interstitium and the capillary of the endothelium forming the air-blood barrier for gaseous exchange.37 The alveoli are stabilized and protected from over-distension and collapse by connective tissue and a surfactant layer, secreted by the type II pneumocytes. The inter-alveolar wall must provide stability, flexibility, and a large thin surface area for the effective diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.38Although the effects of air pollution and associated heavy metals on the respiratory system are known, there is a lack of studies on the effect of orally exposed heavy metals on the respiratory system.
Dynamics of environmental pollution, socio-economic factors, and total fertility rate in MENA, ECOWAS, and ASEAN regions
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2023
Furthermore, environmental or air pollutants come in the likes of carbon monoxide (CO2), nitrate oxide (NO2), methane emissions (CH4), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and other particulate matter (Carré et al., 2017). Inhalation and ingestion are mostly the common expository routes of environmental or air pollutants, given that ingestion facilitates primarily in the contamination of water and food through air pollution. These pollutants, especially fossil fuel combustion from diesel exhaust, disrupt the endocrine activity, adversely affecting female reproduction health. Besides, the disruptions of endocrine activities by these air pollutants exert metabolic disorder and interferences in the human reproductive health with attending health issues such as obesity and insulin resistance, which severely linked to infertility or fertility issues (Carré et al., 2017).
Analysis and forecasting of air quality index based on satellite data
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2023
Tinku Singh, Nikhil Sharma, Manish Kumar
The study shows the usefulness of GEE satellite data for the places with no ground stations to collect pollutants data. The beta distribution test verifies the equivalence of GEE and CPCB data. Further, the study analyzes the performance of mathematical and deep learning models, including VAR, Holt-Winter, and LSTM (Stacked, Bi-directional, Vanilla) variants, in forecasting the AQI. The RMSEs and MAEs for all forecasting models show significant variance due to the diversity in AQI based on the geographical location. A comparison of all models demonstrates that Holt-Winter has the lowest MAPE score, demonstrating that it outperformed all others. The study also analyzes the Spatio-temporal fluctuation of NO2, SO2, CO, and AQI concentrations during the different COVID-19 waves in India. A reduction in air pollutants has been recorded in big cities like Delhi as well as in small towns like Faizabad. The maximum reduction has seen during the first lockdown period in the year 2020, as it was a complete lockdown. Because of the partial lockdown or no lockdown, the pollution reduction was less in 2021 and 2022.