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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Sulphur dioxide is a colourless gas released naturally by volcanic activity and is produced as a by-product of copper extraction and the burning of fossil fuels contaminated with sulphur compounds. The chemical formula is SO2. It is a toxic gas with the smell of burnt matches. It is soluble in water producing acid rain in the environment. Exposure is related to pre-term birth.
Food Types, Dietary Supplements, and Roles
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
It is important to remember that light alcohol drinks such as beer, wine and cider contain sulfites which are used as preservative (52–53). Sulfites have been used since Roman times to preserve food flavor and color, inhibit bacterial growth, reduce spoilage, stop fresh food from spotting and turning brown, and help preserve medication and increase shelf life. Sulfites release sulfur dioxide, which is the active component that helps preserve food and medication (53). Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas at room temperature, with a pungent odor which is readily soluble in water. Sulfur dioxide in aqueous solution gives a mixture of sulfur dioxide, sulfurous acid (H2SO3), bisulfite ion (HSO3-), and sulfite ion (SO32-) which all have bactericide properties (52). Sulfites can occur naturally in a number of foods and beverages as a result of fermentation, such as those that occur in beer and wine (52). Sulfites can cause allergy-like reactions (intolerances) – most commonly asthma, rhinitis, wheezing, occasionally urticaria (hives), and very rarely, anaphylaxis (53). By law, the presence of sulfites must be indicated on the label of all foods by code numbers 220 to 228, or the word ‘sulfite’ (53). Red wine contains fewer sulfites than white wine because red wine contains many polyphenol antioxidants which are bactericide. Therefore, red wine is better than white wine.
Mechanisms of Airway Responses to Inhaled Sulfur Dioxide
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the major air pollutant produced by combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels. Because these fuels are an important source of electrical power, approximately 70% of the SO2 emitted into the atmosphere in the United States comes from power plants (Committee on Sulfur Oxides, 1978). Other major outdoor sources of SO2 include oil refineries and metal smelters. Until recently SO2 was not an important pollutant in indoor air. However, kerosene space heaters, a form of household heating that has gained worldwide popularity over the past several years, can produce large quantities of SO2 leading to indoor concentrations that may exceed maximal outdoor concentrations by 10-fold or more (Leaderer, 1982). In addition to its importance as an air pollutant, sulfur dioxide is widely used in industry. In 1974, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health estimated that 500,000 workers in the United States are regularly exposed to SO2 in industries ranging from smelters and paper pulp mills to wineries and food processing plants (NIOSH, 1974).
Screening the immunotoxicity of different food preservative agents on the model organism Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Emine Duman Erbaş, Rehemah Gwokyalya, Hülya Altuntaş, Bilal Kutrup
The increase in the world population pauses significant challenges to the welfare of the people by compromising the quality of human nutrition. Ensuring food safety from agricultural areas to the final consumers is a crucial step in solving these problems. Ensuring food safety can be achieved via proper food storage and preservation, extending the shelf life of food products, and protecting stored foods from damage. Preservatives (E200–285, E330), also known as food additives, protect the quality and taste of foods by preventing them from being affected by biological agents (Erkan 2010). Today, sulfur dioxide and several other sulfides, sorbic acids and their salts, nitrite and nitrate compounds, propionic acids and their salts, acetic acid, benzoic acid and its salts are among the most popular preservatives used during food processing (Wibbertmann et al. 2000, Russell and Grahame 2003, Rangan and Barceloux 2009).
Estimation of environmental pollutants using the AERMOD model in Shazand thermal power plant, Arak, Iran
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Ghodratollah Siahpour, Seyed Ali Jozi, Neda Orak, Hossein Fathian, Soolmaz Dashti
In fact, mathematical models, including the AERMOD model, can analyze air pollution spreads to interpret empirical data, assess air quality at present or in the past, monitor random emissions, and evaluate regional hazards. One of the most important problems of power plants in this regard is air pollution due to fossil fuel consumption. Air pollutants from power plants, including PM10, SO2, NOX, and CO gases, which enter the atmosphere naturally and manually, are of particular importance. Therefore, it is important to know the concentration and distribution of these gases from the power plants in the environment. Finally, using the overlay pollutant concentration maps in the environment and land use maps and satellite imagery, it was determined that the maximum concentration of sulfur dioxide occurs mainly in agricultural lands. But due to the very low concentration of sulfur dioxide added to the environment, it can be said that the effect of sulfur dioxide on their products and their sulfur load is negligible.
Allergic and non-allergic asthma phenotypes and exposure to air pollution
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Busra Pekince, md, Ayse Baccioglu, md
Although harmful effects of air pollution on asthma have been well established, it is still unclear which asthma phenotype, i.e. allergic versus non-allergic, is more affected. Air pollution has been shown to increase allergen susceptibility by increasing the allergen transport, allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels, Th2 cytokines, remodeling, inflammation, and respiratory symptoms (7,8). In allergic asthma patients, simultaneous exposure to allergens and diesel exhaust particles had the ability to lead to a more severe inflammation (9). Fang et al. (10) showed that traffic-related air pollution exposure induced cough hypersensitivity and non-allergic eosinophilic inflammation of the airways in guinea pigs. The prevalence of non-allergic respiratory illness such as bronchitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, frequent colds, and cough was associated with sulfur dioxide (SO2) and total suspended particulate matters (PM) in children (11). In a small-scale study, non-allergic patients with rhinitis were found to live in areas with a higher PM2.5 than allergic patients, and the authors concluded that small inhalant pollutants could contribute to non-allergic rhinitis symptoms (12).