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Exercise and pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The daily nutritional requirements should include an additional 300 cal/day, which is required to provide for the increased basal metabolic needs of pregnancy. Additional calories will be needed depending on the activities conducted. Furthermore, in the postpartum period, lactating women will require an additional 400 to 600 cal/day to meet the metabolic needs. The Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine has published in 2009 guidelines for the rate of weight gain during pregnancy by prepregnancy BMI (37). The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations of a single standard of weight gain for all obesity classes has come under criticism since higher body mass index levels combined with additional weight gain are associated with more severe pregnancy complications, such as pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes (38). The IOM recommendations retained the 1990 focus on the theoretical association between poor gestational weight gain and low birth weight. Important to point out that most causes for low birth weight are the consequences of other conditions than poor nutrition; there is lack of evidence in developed countries that dietary supplementation increases birth weight.
Maternal Undernutrition and Reproductive Performance
Published in Frank Falkner, Infant and Child Nutrition Worldwide:, 2021
Maternal nutritional factors that have been linked with low birth weight are stature, prepregnancy weight or weight-for-height, weight gain during pregnancy, other anthropometric values, and dietary deficiencies of energy, protein, and vitamin and minerals. Each of these factors are briefly reviewed below.
Maternal obesity
Published in Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos, New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Tahir A. Mahmood, Rohan Chodankar
High birth weight is common in infants born to obese women (77,84,85). Infants of obese mothers tend to be anthropometrically different, specifically with regard to increased body fat distribution as compared to mothers with normal weight (86,87). The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) suggests considering an elective cesarean delivery for all women who have babies weighing more than 5 kg without diabetes in pregnancy and more than 4.5 kg if they have diabetes when assessed as LFD using ultrasound scanning despite its limitations. This is thought to reduce the risk of obstructed labor (88). The accuracy range for determining fetal macrosomia may vary between 47% and 64% by ultrasonography (89).
Magnitude and associated factors of low birth weight among term newborns delivered in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Ethiopia, 2021
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Teklay Tadesse, Mesfin Abebe, Wondwosen Molla, Abbas Ahmed Mahamed, Andualem Mebratu
Low birth weight is a major public health concern because it increases the risk of developing non-communicable diseases later in life. LBW may be associated with immune system epigenetic modulation and cell maturation (Hayashi et al. 2020). Birth weight is an excellent summary measure of multifaceted public health issues such as long-term maternal malnutrition, ill health and inadequate prenatal health care (CSA 2016b). Hence, this study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of LBW among newborns delivered in Addis Ababa public hospitals. Low birth weight was found to be 13.06% (95% CI: 9.8, 17.11) in this study, which was consistent with studies conducted in Adwa (10%) (Gebregzabiherher et al. 2017), the central zone of the Tigray region (14.6%) (Gebremedhin et al. 2015), Dangla (10.3%) (Talie et al. 2019), Butajira (12.5%) (Toru and Anmut 2020) and Ghana (12.9%) (Axame et al. 2022). However, this study's findings were higher than those of studies conducted in Australia (1.9%) (Herceg et al. 1994), Harar 23.3% (Abdurke Kure et al. 2021) and Addis Ababa (8.8%) (Mulatu et al. 2017), while this study finding was also lower than studies conducted in South Ethiopia (17.88%) (Wado et al. 2014) and Debre Markos (21.6%) (Alebel 2019). This discrepancy might be due to differences in study areas, study designs, inclusion and exclusion criteria, or the institutions' health service delivery systems. Another possible explanation could be the difference in health service utilisation and nutritional status of mothers during pregnancy.
The vitrification system may affect preterm and cesarean delivery rates after single vitrified blastocyst transfer
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Yunhong Lin, Lincui Da, Shengrong Du, Qingfen Chen, Suzhu Chen, Beihong Zheng
Endometrial preparation protocols and the determination of clinical and birth outcomes were as follows. For patients who underwent single vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfer, the natural cycle or hormone replacement cycle protocol was used for endometrial preparation. The ovulation day or progesterone injection day of the patient was day 0. D5 single-blastocyst transfer was performed on Day 5 after ovulation or progesterone injection under B-type ultrasound guidance. Twenty-five to fifty days after blastocyst transfer, clinical pregnancy was assessed based on the presence of a gestational sac on B-type ultrasound. Ongoing pregnancy was defined as the presence of a fetal heartbeat on B-type ultrasound at 12 weeks of gestation. A pregnancy in which the embryo was implanted outside the uterine cavity on B-type ultrasound was deemed an ectopic pregnancy. Miscarriage within 12 weeks of clinical pregnancy was deemed an early miscarriage, and miscarriage between 12 weeks and 28 weeks was deemed a late miscarriage. Delivery after 28 weeks of pregnancy but before 37 weeks was deemed a preterm delivery, and delivery between 37 weeks and 42 weeks was deemed a full-term delivery. The gestational age was determined by the number of days from the first day of the patient’s last menstruation to the day of fetal delivery. The normal birth weight range of the newborns was 2.5–4 kg. A low birth weight was defined as less than 2.5 kg, a very low birth weight was defined as less than 1.5 kg, and macrosomia was defined as a birth weight higher than 4 kg.
Placental levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their association with birth weight of infants
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Priyanka Agarwal, Madhu Anand, Paromita Chakraborty, Laxmi Singh, Jamson Masih, Ajay Taneja
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), birth weight is considered as the most significant development indicator used to measure fetal growth that not only predicts the well-being of infants and children, but also of future adult, diseases across the lifespan (Sterky and Mellander 1978, Belsey 1987). In contrast to healthier babies, fetuses with low birth weight (weighing less than 2500 gram) had higher incidence of neonatal and fetal mortality and morbidity, lower intelligence quotient (IQ) and chronic degenerative diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases (Leeson et al.2001, Pettitt David and Jovanovic 2007). Of all babies born worldwide, 16% are underweight (around 20 million babies), of which 95.6% are in developing countries, and as a drastic scenario, 40% (nearly 8 million) contribution comes from India alone (Skokic et al.2010). However, the physiopathology of low birth is ambiguous, and a number of factors, including low socioeconomic status, poor prenatal care, reduced gestational age, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and exposure to environmental pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals and pesticides) imply to fetuses with low birth weight (United Nations Children’s Fund and World Health Organization (UNICEF and WHO) 2004, Singh et al.2017, Anand et al.2019).