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Cognitive Disorders and Lifestyle Change
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Short-term memory (working memory) is temporary memory storage (Camina & Güell, 2017). Short-term memory can store approximately seven items for up to a minute. Short-term memory (working memory) allows one to use information without losing track of what one is doing. For example, retaining a phone number in short-term memory long enough to dial the number. If the number is dialed often enough, it may be stored in long-term memory. Short-term memory is broken down into two categories: Auditory/Verbal memory is oral information that involves processing, retaining, and recalling.Visual-Spatial memory is visual memory that involves processing, retaining, and recalling. Visual/Spatial memory enables one to remember familiar roads or remember where furniture is located in the dark.
The effects of epilepsy and its treatments on affect and emotion
Published in Howard J. Rosen, Robert W. Levenson, Neurocase, 2020
John D. Hixson, Heidi E. Kirsch
Extensive lesion-based research has been used to characterize the functions of the amygdala and the hippocampus. Amygdala damage often correlates with deficits in emotional perception, expression and memory, especially when stimuli have a negative valence (Adolphs et al., 2005; Brierley, Medford, Shaw, & David, 2004; LaBar, LeDoux, Spencer, & Phelps, 1995; Morris, Ohman, & Dolan, 1998). Hippocampal lesions can cause verbal or visual memory impairments, depending on the side of the damage. Much of this work has been based on subjects whose brain lesions caused complete loss-of-function; examples include strokes, trauma, and surgical resections. It remains unclear if the mixed structural-electrical lesion in people with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) represents a loss-of-function phenomenon; several studies have examined this possibility.
Visual perception
Published in Jill Christmas, Rosaline Van de Weyer, Hands on Dyspraxia: Developmental Coordination Disorder, 2019
Jill Christmas, Rosaline Van de Weyer
Visual memory is the ability to hold the memory of a shape for several seconds and then match it with the same shape within a group of similar shapes. Visual sequential memory is the ability to remember progressively longer sequences of shapes for a few seconds and match them with the same group out of several options. Thus, there is a cognitive component to these two aspects of visual perception.
Young adult outcomes associated with lower cognitive functioning in childhood related to iron-fortified formula in infancy
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Patricia East, Jenalee Doom, Estela Blanco, Raquel Burrows, Betsy Lozoff, Sheila Gahagan
Results of the model showing the mediated paths for the CogState outcomes (Figure 2) indicate that better spatial memory at age 10 was positively associated with 21-year visual memory (β = .17, B = .21, SE = .07, P < .01), visual learning (β = .16, B = .18, SE = .07, P < .05), and faster processing speed (β = −.13, B = −.01, SE = .01, P < .05). Higher age 10 IQ was associated with better performance on the four CogState factors. Better VMI at age 10 was associated with faster processing speed at age 21. There were several noteworthy indirect effects (Table 3, bottom). Specifically, age 10 IQ mediated the relation between iron supplementation in infancy and visual memory, verbal memory, visual learning, and marginally, processing speed at age 21. In addition, age 10 spatial memory mediated the relation between supplementation and visual memory, and marginally, visual learning.
Orienting Attention to Auditory and Visual Short-term Memory: The Roles of Age, Hearing Loss, and Cognitive Status
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2020
Linda Garami, Ricky Chow, Ayomide Fakuade, Swathi Swaminathan, Claude Alain
Prior retro-cueing studies have found age differences in reflective attention, mostly in the domain of visual memory. Here, we showed that older adults retain the capacity to benefit from retro-cues to orient their attention with a low cognitive load. Both younger and older adults retain the ability to orient attention to items held in working memory when the items can be easily segregated and that the number of items remains within memory capacity. Furthermore, older adults with normal hearing or hearing loss are capable of reflectively orienting to items in memory of a specific sensory modality. Moreover, our study points to increased cognitive demands for lower level perceptual parsing with greater hearing loss, as individuals with greater hearing loss are less able to use auditory-orienting retro-cues to their benefit. This decline was found to be mostly contributed by hearing acuity rather than age differences in working memory. Thus, age differences in general cognition may be exacerbated by age-related changes in sensory processing, at least in the auditory domain.
Influence of visual clutter on the effect of navigated safety inspection: a case study on elevator installation
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2019
Pin-Chao Liao, Xinlu Sun, Mei Liu, Yu-Nien Shih
Considering the memory differences between individuals, a preliminary experiment was conducted to ensure relatively concordant visual memory function and eliminate the influence from individual differences. The pre-experiment method was consistent with the principle of the visual memory test in the Wechsler memory scale (WMS), which is widely used to test multidimensional human memory function. In addition, WMS helps classify people according to memory and recognize people with memory impairment. The WMS consists of seven subtests and was revised in 1987 as the Wechsler memory scale – revised (WMS-R). It tests memory functions composed of attention/concentration, verbal memory, visual memory and delayed memory. Memory is generally accepted to be mediated by complex systems of neutral substates located in the disparate regions of the brain [56]. Thus, we mainly tested the visual memory because the experiment in this study required visual working memory. We used WMS-R indexes of figural memory and visual reproductions.