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Biological Basis of Behavior
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex mediates response inhibition and goal-appropriate response selection. Depression seems to be associated with activation of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which in turn directs the individual to focus on a specific and consequential problem, minimizing distractions. On the other hand, anxiety seems to be associated with activation of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which enhances the vigilance of individuals to anticipated hazards.
Recognising and engaging with problems with executive control
Published in Ross Balchin, Rudi Coetzer, Christian Salas, Jan Webster, Addressing Brain Injury in Under-Resourced Settings, 2017
Ross Balchin, Rudi Coetzer, Christian Salas, Jan Webster
The various parts of the frontal lobes participate differentially in the regulation of behaviour (Stuss, 2009). Take a look at Figure 9.2. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) relates to high-level cognitive skills, such as problem solving, strategy selection and evaluating outcomes. The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) is associated with behavioural and emotional regulation (inhibition), as is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC).
Cognition, Language and Intelligence
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
The cytoarchitecture, connections, and function of different prefrontal areas differ. Various neurotransmitters modulate, attenuate, or magnify the response of a “WM” neuron (Davachi et al., 2004). Prefrontal regions are involved in WM, with mechanisms determined by circuit relationships with posterior association cortices. Maintenance of information in WM is associated with activation of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and DLPFC cortices; Broca’s area and parietal cortical regions. fMRI studies of brain activation of verbal WM tasks have revealed activity in the left Broca’s area, the supplementary motor area, and the cerebellum, which may represent the rehearsal system (Molinari, 2002). Memory is vulnerable to prefrontal injury (Nunez, 2002). The volume of activated tissue increases with the demand for processing exogenous and probably endogenous tasks (Parasuraman & Caggiano, 2002).
CI decision making and expectations by older adults
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2022
Angelika Illg, Timo Bräcker, Cornelia Batsoulis², Jane M. Opie, Anke Lesinski-Schiedat
It is known that cognitive abilities in adults can change differently with age due to structural changes in the brain. For example, a decrease in gray matter density in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex correlates closely with irrational behavior (Chung et al. 2017). Both the total brain size, specifically white matter in prefrontal areas and the number of dopaminergic neurons decrease with age (Park and Reuter-Lorenz 2009). To compensate for cognitive deficits, additional areas of the prefrontal cortex are recruited (Davis et al. 2008). Left and right hemispheric cerebral regions are activated in tasks for which younger adults show lateralized brain activity (Park and Reuter-Lorenz 2009). In summary, changes in brain structure and neurochemistry have been associated with changes in cognitive functioning.
Daily consumption of essence of chicken improves cognitive function: a systematically searched meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Darel Wee Kiat Toh, Chun Hong Wong, Johnson Fam, Jung Eun Kim
Ample studies in this meta-analysis allowed us to better examine the working memory domain, rather than the broader executive function which embodies several higher order processes involved in mental processing [38]. Executive function is supported by the prefrontal cortex but more specifically, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is associated with cognitive and inhibition flexibility while working memory is linked to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) instead. As each core function is influenced by a different region of the brain, the selected tests can hence be more distinctly defined under ‘working memory’ [29,39]. This classification also improved the coherence of results based on the nomenclature used in our primary studies. Working memory involves both the registration and manipulation of this information for mental operations [40]. Interestingly while working memory improvements were consistent, there was no effect on the registration domain, indicating that the benefits of EC are specific to enhanced mental processing components whilst being independent of the registration component of working memory.
Impact of non-invasive brain stimulation on transcallosal modulation in mild traumatic brain injury: a multimodal pilot investigation
Published in Brain Injury, 2019
Jennyfer Ansado, Aaron Blunt, Jen-Kai Chen, Lisa Koski, Alain Ptito
Our group has shown that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is safe and tolerated by the majority of adult patients with concussion (10). We have also previously reported that some of symptomatic athletes with concussion demonstrate atypical brain activation patterns in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (11,12) when carrying out a WM task known to solicit the bilateral fronto-parietal network. Frontal regions involved in WM also include the rostral prefrontal cortex (RPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and superior parietal cortex (SPC). Importantly, we have observed that rTMS application over the left DLPFC alleviates post-concussion symptoms and correlates with increased blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal activity in the contralateral homologous cortex after treatment, as determined with post-treatment functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (10). In that study, we noted that rTMS generates increases in activation not only in the stimulated cortex (left DLPFC) but also in the contralateral DLPFC (right DLPFC) after a series of 20 sessions. In addition to the DLPFC, our task also activated other areas such as the VLPFC and SPC, which are part of the WM network. However, the mechanism by which rTMS over the left DLPFC in individuals with concussion improves WM performance, alleviates post-concussive symptoms and produces increases in task-related activity of this region in both cerebral hemispheres remains to be understood.