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Biological Basis of Behavior
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
The occipital cortex is the smallest of the four lobes of the brain. It is located posterior to the temporal lobe and parietal lobes. The occipital cortex is concerned with visual processing and is composed of primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17), and secondary visual (association) cortex (Brodmann areas 18 and 19). It receives projections from the retina (via the thalamus) from where different groups of neurons separately encode different visual information, such as color, orientation, and motion. Two important pathways of information originate in the occipital lobes: the dorsal and ventral streams. The dorsal stream projects to the parietal lobes and processes where objects are located. The ventral stream projects to structures in the temporal lobes and processes what objects are.
Neuro-ophthalmology
Published in Mostafa Khalil, Omar Kouli, The Duke Elder Exam of Ophthalmology, 2019
The optic radiations connect the LGN to the occipital lobe. Superior optic radiations, representing the inferior visual field quadrants, pass through the parietal lobe and terminate at the primary visual cortex (also known as V1 or Brodmann area 17) in the occipital lobe, superior to the calcarine sulcus (cuneus gyrus). The inferior optic radiations (Meyer's loop), representing the superior visual field quadrants, pass through the temporal lobe and terminate at the primary visual cortex, inferior to the calcarine sulcus (lingual gyrus). The macula is represented posteriorly just lateral to the tip of the calcarine sulcus.
Neurosurgery: Supratentorial tumors
Published in Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor, Essentials of Geriatric Neuroanesthesia, 2019
Monica S. Tandon, Kashmiri Doley, Daljit Singh
The ST compartment primarily consists of the two cerebral hemispheres: diencephalon, basal ganglia (BG), ventricles, and the white matter (WM) tracts (Table 5.1). Anatomically, each cerebral hemisphere has five lobes—frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. On basis of the cytoarchitecture (neuronal organization), the cerebral cortex is divided into 52 Brodmann areas; these areas closely correlate with the functional organization of the cerebral cortex. Functionally, the cerebral cortex is divided three categories: motor, sensory, and association areas (9).
A preliminary study of atypical cortical change ability of dynamic whole-brain functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorder
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Brodmann area 45 (BA45)is the pars triangularis of the IFG.Together with BA44 andBA46, the BA45 comprises Broca’s area, which is active in semantic tasks (remains controversial).Furthermore, pars triangularis have a role in cognitive control of memory. Lesions of the BA45 may lead to the characteristic findings of expressive aphasia. Greater GMV in the IFG.Lis associated with reduced ASD symptoms severity [66]. Hypo-activation of the IFG during the perception of facial expressions has been reported as the evidence fora deficit of the mirror neuron system in children with ASD [67]. Mirror neuron system may have a role in imitation, empathy, theory of mind and language. Meanwhile, cortical thinning of the mirror neuron system was correlated with ASD symptom severity [68]. Cortical thinning was also observed in the areas involved in emotion recognition and social cognition.
A review of magnetoencephalography use in pediatric epilepsy: an update on best practice
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Hiroshi Otsubo, Hiroshi Ogawa, Elizabeth Pang, Simeon M Wong, George M Ibrahim, Elysa Widjaja
Language is a complex function that requires the integration of distributed brain regions. However, damage to the traditional language hubs in Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas will result in deficits in receptive and productive language functions, respectively. For this reason, it is still important to lateralize or localize these two critical hubs. Receptive language areas, involved in the comprehension of spoken or written words, are located in the dominant hemisphere, at the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, extending to include the supramarginal and angular gyri (Brodmann Areas 22/30/40). In MEG, receptive language areas are activated by listening to single words or reading a written word. Expressive language areas, involved in the production of spoken or written language, are located on the dominant inferior frontal gyrus and encompassing pars opercularis and pars triangularis (Brodmann area 44/45).
Changes in electroencephalography complexity and functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity following robotic hand training in chronic stroke
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2021
Ahsan Khan, Cheng Chen, Kai Yuan, Xin Wang, Prabhav Mehra, Yunmeng Liu, Kai-Yu Tong
A global measure of asymmetry was obtained using 36 channels with 18 channels in each hemisphere. To understand the changes in different brain regions, the electrodes were divided into four subregions based on the lobes marked as frontal, central, parietal and occipital. A group of two to six electrodes was defined to indicate activity in each region of the brain as indicated in Figure 1 based on the divisions done in some other studies.38,39 Left Frontal (LF) included: FP1, AF1, F1, F3, and right frontal (RF) included FP2, AF2, F2, F4. Left central (LC) included C1, C3, C5, FC1, FC3, and FC5 channels and right central (RC) electrode included C2, C4, C6, FC2, FC4, and FC6 channels. Left parietal (LP) included P1, P3, P5, CP1, CP3, and CP5 channels, and Right parietal(RP) included P2, P4, PP6, CP2, CP4, and CP6 channels. Left occipital (LO) included O1 and PO3, and right occipital (RO) included O2 and PO4 channels. The frontal region covers Brodmann areas including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (ba09) and frontopolar region (ba010).40 Likewise, central region covers Brodmann areas including primary motor cortex (ba01- 04), somatosensory association cortex(ba05), and premotor and supplementary motor cortex (ba06).41,42 Parietal electrodes cover superior parietal lobule (ba07), angular gyrus (ba039), and supramarginal gyrus (ba040),40,43 and occipital region covers visual cortex (ba018, ba019).41 Detailed information is provided at (http://www.brainm.com/software/pubs/dg/BA_10-20_ROI_Talairach/nearesteeg.htm).