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Of brain and bone: The unusual case of Dr. A
Published in Howard J. Rosen, Robert W. Levenson, Neurocase, 2020
J. Narvid, M. L. Gorno-Tempini, A. Slavotinek, S. J. DeArmond, Y. H. Cha, B. L. Miller, K. Rankin
The interpretation of intention also includes processes by which communication occurs via body posture, position, or gesticulation. These computations involve distinguishing intentional movement from random or non-communicative action, and subsequently correctly interpreting the intent as such. This kind of computation has been thought to involve ToM. In a PET functional imaging study, Castelli et al. (2000) used silent animations wherein two triangles were scripted to portray emotive actions such as intention to deceive in order to study brain activation associated with ToM and intentional movement. Castelli et al. (2000) showed preferential activation in multiple areas including temporoparietal junction, basal temporal and medial prefrontal areas. Likewise, Dr. A showed little ability to attribute social interaction or belief states to the triangles based on their movements, either spontaneously or after a second viewing of the videos followed by structured questions designed to elicit first- and second-order belief about belief.
Brain stimulation: new directions
Published in Alan Weiss, The Electroconvulsive Therapy Workbook, 2018
In healthy male subjects, GVS was shown to induce clear perceptions of body movement and moderate cutaneous sensations at the electrode sites. fMRI scanning did not interfere with the stimulus and showed that the activation was in the region of the temporoparietal junction, the central sulcus, the interior intraparietal sulcus and the premotor regions of the frontal lobe (Lobel et al., 1998; Lobel et al., 1999). In another study healthy subjects were asked to detect faint tactile stimuli to the fingertips of the left and right hand with or without GVS. They found that left anodal and right cathodal
Recognising and engaging with socio-emotional problems
Published in Ross Balchin, Rudi Coetzer, Christian Salas, Jan Webster, Addressing Brain Injury in Under-Resourced Settings, 2017
Ross Balchin, Rudi Coetzer, Christian Salas, Jan Webster
Damage to other cortical areas at the rear of the brain may also compromise mentalising. The right temporoparietal junction, for example, has been linked to visual perspective taking (Schurz, Aichhorn, Martin & Perner, 2013) and imitating inhibition (Brass, Ruby & Spengler, 2009), and lesion studies have reported impaired mentalising following damage to these areas (e.g. Samson, Apperly, Chiavarino & Humphreys, 2004; Samson, Apperly, Kathirgamanathan & Humphreys, 2005). Injury to the temporal poles has been linked to mentalising impairments in dementia (Funnell, 2001), apparently because this area is necessary for accessing semantic information about people and places when trying to understand other people’s intentions (Frith & Frith, 2006).
Increased cerebral blood flow in the right anterior cingulate cortex and fronto-orbital cortex during go/no-go task in children with ADHD
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Muharrem Burak Baytunca, Blaise de Frederick, Gul Unsel Bolat, Burcu Kardas, Sevim Berrin Inci, Melis Ipci, Cem Calli, Onur Özyurt, Dost Öngür, Serkan Süren, Eyüp Sabri Ercan
The attention network system is comprised of two networks that dynamically interact with each other: dorsal and ventral attention networks. The dorsal system is bilaterally located in each hemisphere and consists of two core components: dorsal parietal region (in particular superior parietal lobule (SPL) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the junction of precentral gyrus) and superior frontal gyrus (frontal eye field, FEF). The dorsal attention network (DAN) seems to be capable of the production and maintenance of endogenous signals based on ongoing goals or preexisting information of contingencies [11,12]. The ventral attention network (VAN) consists of the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and ventral frontal cortex and is unilaterally located in the right hemisphere. The temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is anatomically located at the intersection of the posterior end of the temporal sulcus, the inferior of parietal lobule and the lateral occipital cortex. The right-sided insula, supramarginal gyrus (TPJ), frontal gyrus (superior, middle and inferior), middle temporal gyrus and precuneus are the foci identified as related to ventral network [11–13]. From a clinical perspective, the ventral attention network is primarily engaged with the relevant salient stimuli, regardless of its distinctiveness. In neuroimaging studies, it was found that this network is also associated with an abrupt change of sensory stimuli, and onset and offset of given tasks [13–15].
A proof-of-concept study comparing tinnitus and neural connectivity changes following multisensory perceptual training with and without a low-dose of fluoxetine
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
G. D. Searchfield, D. P. Spiegel, T.N.E.R. Poppe, M. Durai, M. Jensen, K. Kobayashi, J. Park, B.R. Russell, G. S. Shekhawat, F. Sundram, B.B. Thompson, K. J. Wise
The functional connectivity between the pairing of the left posterior intraparietal sulcus (LPIS) and right ventral intraparietal sulcus (RVIS), and the pairing of the right frontal eye fields (RFEF) and right temporoparietal junction (RTJ), decreased significantly in the experimental SSRI group. There is accumulating evidence that pathophysiology of tinnitus may involve functional alteration in non-auditory brain regions, including those that are part of attention networks [24]. It is possible, therefore, that SSRI-related effects on tinnitus reported in literature may be due to underlying inhibition of non-auditory tinnitus network activity, i.e. the distress networks, as LPIS, RVIS, RFEF, and RTJ are regions of the brain that form the frontoparietal attention network and are crucially involved in the selection of sensory contents by attention [24, 52]. The intraparietal sulcus is reported to play an initiative role in the processing of unexpected targets in the attention network [53]. Temporoparietal junction and frontal eye fields are cortical regions involved in the orienting system for visual events [24, 54]. Though their roles are not fully understood, irregular activity of the temporoparietal junction has been proposed as being associated with tinnitus; for example, transient suppression of tinnitus was observed after stimulation of the temporoparietal junction [55].
Developmental Trajectories of Attention in Typically Developing Chinese Children: A Four-Wave Longitudinal Study
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2018
Chao Yan, Hui Zhou, Wei Wei, Yi-ji Wang, Lixian Cui, Raymond C.K. Chan, Ci-ping Deng
Selective attention refers to the ability to detect a target from competing or unrelated stimuli, objects, and locations. It involves two distinct processes: top-down and bottom-up processes (Desimone & Duncan, 1995; Muller et al., 2017). Top-down attention (i.e., endogenous attention) can be voluntarily deployed toward dedicated items in a goal-driven manner (i.e., searching for bright yellow lemon in the fruit market). This process is supported by the dorsal attention network (DAN) that is mainly located in the frontal eye fields and the intraparietal sulcus (Corbetta & Shulman, 2002; Posner & Petersen, 1990; Squire, Noudoost, Schafer, & Moore, 2013). Bottom-up attention (i.e., exogenous attention), on the other hand, is more involuntarily and often automatically oriented to physically salient stimuli (i.e., a sudden falling of a yellow stuff). This process is more a function of the ventral attention network (VAN) centered in the temporoparietal junction and the ventral frontal cortex (Corbetta & Shulman, 2002; Posner & Petersen, 1990; Squire et al., 2013). It is generally agreed that these two processes interact with one another in the tasks of selective attention (Barnea-Goraly et al., 2005).