China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Role of Herbs and Their Delivery Through Nanofibers in Pharmacotherapy of Depression
Published in Anne George, Snigdha S. Babu, M. P. Ajithkumar, Sabu Thomas, Holistic Healthcare. Volume 2: Possibilities and Challenges, 2019
Ginpreet Kaur, Mihir Invally, Hiral Mistry, Parnika Dicholkar, Sukhwinder Bhullar
In humans, there are two zones subventricular zone and subgranular zone, an area in brain (hippocampus) is responsible for learning and memory.11,12 Due to aging, there is reduction of postsynaptic density in hippocampus resulting in a decrease in long-term potentiation (LTP) and increase in long-term depression which results in major depression.13,14 SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) or atypical antidepressants (venlafaxine) in chronic treatment are found to be more beneficial than tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) because they prevent stress induced LTP.15,16 In hippocampus and Cornu Ammonis pyramidal cells, cellular plasticity increases due to SSRIs (fluoxetine), while this neuroplastic activity is decreased by TCA due to its anticholinergic activity.17-19
The nervous system
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
At the beginning of the twentieth century, it was thought that neurons (nerve cells) were not formed in the mammalian brain after birth. Toward the end of the twentieth century, evidence accumulated that indeed the postnatal mammalian brain does produce new neurons. The process by which neurons are generated from neural stem cells is called neurogenesis. Consequently, we now talk of two general types of neurogenesis, developmental neurogenesis and adult neurogenesis. In the brains of studied mammals, adult neurogenesis occurs in two regions of the adult brain: the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the striatum.
Central Nervous System (Brain, Brainstem, Spinal Cord), Ears, Ocular Toxicity
Published in Tiziana Rancati, Claudio Fiorino, Modelling Radiotherapy Side Effects, 2019
Federica Palorini, Anna Cavallo, Letizia Ferella, Ester Orlandi
New memory formation has been associated with a lifelong mitotically active and radiosensitive compartment of neural stem cells (NSCs) located in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Injury to this NSC compartment has been hypothesized to be central to the pathogenesis of radiation-induced cognitive decline.
Metabolomics reveals the effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A on neurogenesis and axon regeneration after experimental traumatic brain injury
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
En Hu, Teng Li, Zhilin Li, Hong Su, Qiuju Yan, Lei Wang, Haigang Li, Wei Zhang, Tao Tang, Yang Wang
Neurogenesis and axon regeneration contribute to functional recovery after TBI. This study showed insignificant differences of immature neurons and newborn neurons in the hippocampus between the Sham and CCI groups on the 14th day. The results coincided with previous observations indicating impaired neurogenesis until the 14th day after TBI (Rola et al. 2006). However, the density of immature neurons and the number of proliferating immature neurons were significantly increased in the hippocampus after HSYA administration, suggesting enhanced neurogenesis by HSYA. In the mammal brain, the proliferative neural progenitor cells reside only in the subventricular zone and the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. But the immature neurons can migrate to other regions (Redell et al. 2020). This explained our results that the number of immature neurons but not the proliferating neurons was significantly increased in the cortex following HSYA treatment. The CNS axon is hard to regenerate after injury due to intrinsic barriers like astroglia and its extracellular matrix (Burda et al. 2016; Orr and Gensel 2018; Ribas et al. 2021). Thus, the density and positive area of axon marker Tau1 were not enhanced after CCI. HSYA markedly upregulated axon levels around the edge of the wound in the cortex and hippocampus in our study. It suggests that HSYA may be a promising candidate for promoting TBI recovery.
A role for flavonoids in the prevention and/or treatment of cognitive dysfunction, learning, and memory deficits: a review of preclinical and clinical studies
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Matin Ramezani, Arman Zeinaddini Meymand, Fariba Khodagholi, Hamed Mohammadi Kamsorkh, Ehsan Asadi, Mitra Noori, Kimia Rahimian, Ali Saberi Shahrbabaki, Aisa Talebi, Hanieh Parsaiyan, Sepideh Shiravand, Niloufar Darbandi
Accumulating research has provided clear evidence of neurogenesis in subgranular zone (SGZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ). At the SVZ, neural stem cells (NSCs) travel to the rostral migratory stream and differentiate into interneurons in the olfactory bulb. NSCs located in the SGZ give rise to granular neurons that integrate into functional circuits in the hippocampus [36,37]. By activation of neurogenesis, flavonoids such as luteolin [38] and spinosin [39] can have beneficial effects on learning and memory function. Intraperitoneal administration of luteolin in the Ts65Dn mouse model with Down syndrome enhanced hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis and improved cognition, learning and memory [Morris water maze (MWM) and Novel object recognition tasks] [38]. Spinosin administration in male ICR mice promoted the proliferation of NSCs and the survival and differentiation of newborn neurons in the hippocampal DG region and also improved cognitive performance (passive avoidance task) compared with vehicle mice [39].
Grape seed extract effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and dark neurons production in old mice. Can this extract improve learning and memory in aged animals?
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Seyed Hamidreza Rastegar-moghaddam, Maryam Bigham, Mahmoud Hosseini, Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-bideskan, Amir Mohammad Malvandi, Abbas Mohammadipour
Neurogenesis in adults’ brains is limited to subventricular and subgranular zones [5,6,37]. The Subgranular zone is located beneath the granular cells of the DG and plays a crucial role in the replacement of hippocampal neurons throughout life. The higher the neurogenesis in this area helps to have the better cognitive performance [38]. In the current study, we used the DCX as a maker to study neurogenesis. DCX is a microtubule-associated protein, which is explicitly expressed only in neuronal progenitor cells and disappears in the mature neurons [39]. Thus, identifying this marker in an area of the brain is associated with neurogenesis in that area [5,39]. In the aged brain, the hippocampal neurogenesis rate decreases and leads to memory loss [40–42]. Our results showed that GSE administration increased the neurogenesis in hippocampi of aged mice.