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The Influence of Physical Activity on Brain Aging and Cognition: The Role of Cognitive Reserve, Thresholds for Decline, Genetic Influence, and the Investment Hypothesis
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Maureen K. Kayes, Bradley D. Hatfield
Neurogenesis, the growth of new neurons in the brain, as revealed in the dentate gyrus in animals, represents an exciting finding that holds great promise for medicine since the appearance of new neurons in the human hippocampus—the brain region most affected by AD dementia. This finding suggests resilience to the pathology (i.e., plaques and tangles) through participation in physical activity. In a classic study, van Praag, Kemperman, and Gage6 reported that neurogenesis in adult mice occurred in response to wheel running. After controlling for the effects of environment, they determined that physical activity alone was responsible for the observed proliferation of neurons in the dentate gyrus.6 In addition, van Praag, Christie, Sejnowski, and Gage determined that the appearance of new hippocampal cells in adult mice housed with running wheels was associated with improved cognition, as shown in performance on the Morris Water Maze and enhanced LTP when compared to controls in standard housing.67
Staging and Neuroprogression of Mood Disorders
Published in Dr. Ather Muneer, Mood Disorders, 2018
In contrast, MDD is a somewhat more homogeneous condition. The age of onset is usually later, in the twenties and early thirties and the patients follow a remitting and relapsing course, exhibiting unipolar depressive episodes only. The prevalence of general medical and neuropsychiatric comorbidities is also lower. There is a high rate of conversion to BD type I or BD type II on longitudinal follow-up, and even in patients who continue to have unipolar depressive episodes, many show additional benefit with the adjunctive use of mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics along with standard antidepressants. There is definite evidence that severe, recurrent major depressive episodes lead to neuroprogressive changes in the brain, and in this regard atrophy of the hippocampal neurons and decreased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus are well-replicated findings. In view of the extant evidence it is fair to assume that MDD is also an advancing diathesis amenable to the staging paradigm, with essentially similar connotations for the two major mood disorders.22Figure 7.1 is a schematic representation of the basic notion behind staging of mood disorders.
Exercise, neurotransmission and neurotrophic factors
Published in Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey, Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
Romain Meeusen, Cajsa Tonoli, Kristel Knaepen, Danusa Dias Soares
The neural mechanisms that underpin the effects of exercise on the brain are multiple. As for learning and memory it is clearly established that exercise will stimulate neurogenesis and cell proliferation (Van Praag et al., 1999). Numerous studies have shown that neurogenesis continuously occurs. The brain area in which this happens is the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Most of these newly generated cells differentiate into neurons and integrate into the existing brain circuitry, where they likely play a role in short-term memory and long-term associative memory (Lee et al., 2014).
Decline of stress resilience in aging rats: Focus on choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid-hippocampus
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2023
Kaige Liu, Huizhen Li, Ningxi Zeng, Wenjun Lu, Xiaofeng Wu, Hanfang Xu, Can Yan, Lili Wu
The hippocampus, an area crucial for the formation and consolidation of learning and memory, is one of the most important brain regions associated with cognition (Donato et al. 2021). Hippocampal neurogenesis in the mammals persists throughout adulthood, which is helpful for hippocampus to regulate mood and memory (Snyder 2018). It is commonly known that the hippocampus is an important mediator of the negative feedback of the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis involved in proper stress response (Leschik et al. 2021). In the aged hippocampus, neurobiological changes include increased oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, as well as diminished neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity (Dorszewska 2013; Babcock et al. 2021). Previous studies have suggested that chronic stress can impair adult hippocampal neurogenesis and the survival of newborn neurons in dentate gyrus (DG), leading to hippocampal damage (Wu et al. 2021). Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a remarkable form of brain plasticity. In summary, adult hippocampal neurogenesis is important in the stress response (Leschik et al. 2021) and hippocampal plasticity makes it a critical site for exploring stress resilience or susceptibility (Bartsch and Wulff 2015). Increasing neurogenesis is sufficient to reduce anxiety and depression-like behaviours (Hill et al. 2015) and hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis dysregulation (Eliwa et al. 2021).
Effect of sodium selenite on synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis impaired by hypothyroidism
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Ercan Babur, Özlem Canöz, Burak Tan, Cem Süer, Nurcan Dursun
It is usually assumed that synaptic plasticity within the hippocampal formation contributes to the acquisition and retention of memories. A considerable body of evidence has accumulated indicating that the dentate gyrus (DG) of the adult hippocampus produces new neurons in substantial numbers. Synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis are inter-related phenomena, and considered to provide substrate for specific aspects of learning and memory function [10]. Previous studies have shown that long-term potentiation (LTP) evoked by train stimulation of the perforant pathway are significantly depressed [11] and that the number of newborn neuroblasts is decreased in adult hypothyroid animals [12]. It is well-known that fetal neurogenesis requires thyroid hormone signaling [13]. Thyroid hormone also regulates hippocampal subgranular zone () progenitor survival and neuronal cell fate acquisition in adulthood [14,15]. Moreover, decreased hippocampal neurogenesis as shown by decreases in survival and neuronal differentiation of hippocampal progenitors [16] and impaired LTP [17] could be rescued by restored euthyroid status.
Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics reveal potential protein targets of JiaWeiSiNiSan in preventing chronic psychological stress damage
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Han-Zhang Wang, Wu-Long Luo, Ning-Xi Zeng, Hui-Zhen Li, Ling Li, Can Yan, Li-Li Wu
Adult neurogenesis is a common feature of the dentate gyrus in mammals and is divided into three main parts: cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation and cell survival. In the immunofluorescence experiment, Brdu/Doublecortin (DCX) co-labelling new nerve cells and neurons were used to reflect the number of neural precursor cells in the DG area of the hippocampus. The decrease of positive cells indicated that the proliferation and differentiation ability of neural stem cells reduced and neurogenesis dysfunction. As shown in Figure 7, compared with the CON group, the number of BrdU/DCX positive cells in DG of the CUMS group reduced significantly (p < 0.05). Compared with the CUMS group, JSWNS significantly increased the number of BrdU/DCX positive cells in DG (p < 0.01). It indicates that JWSNS treatment could alleviate CUMS-induced neurogenesis dysfunction in DG.