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The Potential of Food Nutrients in the Prevention and Amelioration of Cognitive Dysfunction Caused by Neurodegenerative Diseases
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Based on the evidence from the modern spatial navigation approach to cognitive science, the frontal cortex and hippocampus play important roles in the spatial memory [4]. Working memory, on the other hand, provides the functional backbone to higher cognition. The highly dynamic technique, a dynamic coding framework, specializing in working memory has demonstrated that the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus contribute to working memory and higher cognitive functions, respectively [5].
Application of the neuropsychological evaluation in vocational planning after brain injury
Published in Robert T. Fraser, David C. Clemmons, Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation, 2017
There is also a distinction between verbal and visual-spatial memory. Verbal memory refers to information that is either read or heard. Reading information in this text (assuming you are wide-awake and concentrating) is employing your verbal short-term memory ability. Remembering the figures in this book may be a combination of both verbal and spatial memory because some of the information is written and other parts pictorial. Spatial memory also refers to recalling information that is seen in a three-dimensional space. When cabinetmakers look at a kitchen for remodeling purposes, they are imagining certain cabinets fitting into a certain space. The space involves three dimensions: height, width, and depth. If this person eyeballs a microwave oven fitting into a certain space, he or she is employing spatial memory by recalling the size of a space and matching it with the visualization of the microwave oven. Verbal and spatial memory are not independent functions but work as a part of a system involving sensory input, attentional skills, problem-solving, and memory ability. Other useful distinctions can involve memory with a context (e.g., an informational paragraph) and random items (e.g., a list of unassociated words). Depending upon a job goal, different effects of memory concerns can have significant vocational implications.
Effect of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) on spatial memory in rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Published in Robert Hofstra, Noriyuki Koibuchi, Suthat Fucharoen, Advances in Biomolecular Medicine, 2017
R. Razali, S. Redjeki, A.A. Jusuf
It is known that the hippocampus is an area that plays an important role in learning and memory, especially spatial memory (Collison et al., 2010; Frieder & Grimm, 1984; Carlson, 2013). Glutamate itself plays an important role in learning and memory especially in the formation of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), which allegedly is a process that is responsible for synaptic changes during learning process taking place through the activation of the ion channel receptors, the NMDA receptor t in the hippocampus (Collison et al., 2010; Frieder & Grimm, 1984; Scheetz & Constantine, 1994).
Laterality in functional and metabolic state of the bulbectomised rat brain detected by ASL and 1H MRS: A pilot study
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2023
Iveta Pavlova, Eva Drazanova, Lucie Kratka, Petra Amchova, Ondrej Macicek, Jana Starcukova, Zenon Starcuk, Jana Ruda-Kucerova
Hippocampus is the brain structure responsible for memory formation, spatial memory and navigation, and the transfer of long-term memories (Guy-Evans 2021). In addition, it is related to the olfactory response as the memory of odours (Guy-Evans 2021); thus, differences in the metabolic state of the hippocampus in the OBX model were expected. In the right hippocampus of the OBX rats, we found significantly lower Cho/NAA and Cho/tCr levels than in the SHAM. Still, no difference in the left hippocampus was found, confirming Ende et al. (2000) MDD clinical study result and Hong et al. (2009) preclinical forced swimming test study outcome, but reportedly in the opposite hemisphere. We assume that this result may reflect the role of choline in acetylcholine production and release, thus a lower ability of memory storage in OBX rats (Harkin et al. 2003; Song and Leonard 2005); which is in agreement with the MDD studies reporting memory deficit (Xi et al. 2011).
Thiamine alleviates cognitive impairment and epileptogenesis by relieving brain inflammation in PTZ-induced kindling rat model
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Sebahattin Karabulut, Ahmet Kemal Filiz, Recep Akkaya
It suggests that inflammation and seizures contribute to neuropsychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy [42]. Moreover, cognitive impairments such as spatial memory deficit frequently manifest in patients with epilepsy [43]. Consistent with our results, it has been shown in previous studies that PTZ-induced epileptogenesis causes learning and memory impairments [44,45]. Chemical kindling induced by PTZ leads to structural pathological changes, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus, which is the essential structure of the brain in learning and memory [46,47]. Our results showed that thiamine pretreatment alleviated learning deficits caused by PTZ-kindling. A recent experimental study showed that oral benfotiamine supplementation increased thiamine diphosphate concentrations in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, and it improved the STZ-related cognitive deficit in rats [48]. Evidence indicates that thiamine is a neuroinflammation modulator known for removing reactive oxidative species [12,49]. Also, previous studies reported that benfotiamine can exert antiinflammatory effects [50,51]. Considering the constantly increasing oxidative stress and inflammation in the epileptic hippocampus, it is plausible that the neuroprotective effect of thiamine is likely a result of its potent anti-inflammatory effect.
Stereotaxic-assisted gene therapy in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases: therapeutic potentials and clinical frontiers
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Samar O. El Ganainy, Tony Cijsouw, Mennatallah A. Ali, Susanne Schoch, Amira Sayed Hanafy
Regarding stereotaxic-assisted delivery of gene editing tools in AD animal models, viral vectors are commonly injected to induce upregulation of protective proteins or downregulation of insulting ones (Table 2). Intracerebral or intrahippocampal delivery of recombinant protein, RNA particles or viral vectors had shown enhanced memory and cognitive behavior, reduced accumulation of neurotoxic insults and improved microglial and phagocytic functions in transgenic mice models [146–148]. Stereotaxic injection of viral vector overexpressing transcription factor B in 3xTgAD mice restored lysosomal and autophagic functions and prevented the accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid precursor [146]. Similarly, intracerebral-delivered AAVs that expressed TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) reduced deposition of Aβ in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD, likely via a mechanism of microglial proliferation. The results also showed an amelioration of spatial memory deficits and long term potentiation [147]. Li et al. [148] demonstrated that overexpression of the epigenetic mediator ten-eleven translocation protein-2 via AAV vector improved memory functions, reduced astrogliosis and increased 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels, thus eliciting neural regenerative capacity.