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Functional Neurology
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
Sensory information passes from sensory receptors via afferent nerves to the spinal cord before passing to the brain where it is processed, triggering various responses. At the spinal level, proprioceptive information stimulates reflex patterns of muscle activationAt the brain stem, including the basal ganglia and cerebellum, proprioceptive information is used to help maintain posture and balance of the bodyAt the cerebral cortex, sensory information is received, processed and interpreted to provide position sense The sensory cortex within the cerebrum is the key area of the brain tasked with processing sensory information. The sensory cortex has specific regions that receive information from specific parts of the body. The American-Canadian neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield mapped the sensory cortex, identifying which areas were dedicated to which parts of the body (see Figure 3.3).
Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The primary sensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, which forms the posterior border of the central sulcus. Neurons in this region receive somatic sensory information from sensory receptors responsible for pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration or taste.
Axonal Injury and Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
It is possible that cortical MS lesions have several functional consequences. Neuronal damage in motor and sensory cortex may, for example, contribute to ambulatory decline. Various aspects of cognitive deficits occur frequently in MS, affecting 40-70% of all patients.54,55 Most commonly involved are functions related to learning, memory and information processing.54 Positron emission tomography (PET) studies demonstrated that decreased cerebral metabolism correlates with MRI lesion load and cognitive dysfunction in MS.56 Cognitive impairment in MS patients has generally been attributed to subcortical white matter lesions. However, considering the extent and nature of damage to cortical neurites in many MS brains, damage to neurons in cortical lesions may provide an additional biological substrate for this functional impairment.
A review of magnetoencephalography use in pediatric epilepsy: an update on best practice
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Hiroshi Otsubo, Hiroshi Ogawa, Elizabeth Pang, Simeon M Wong, George M Ibrahim, Elysa Widjaja
In the pediatric population, it is well accepted that somatosensory evoked potentials can be recorded from birth, through childhood, to adulthood, as long as appropriate recording parameters are used [103] and maturational changes in morphology considered [104]. In fact, the SEF has been reliably recorded even in young children under sedation [105]. The recording of SEF to localize sensory cortex are indicated in cases where there are large lesions or abnormalities in the central region, which may disrupt the typical location of S1. It is also indicated when the central sulcus location needs to be identified. Because it is so robust, while not a clinical indication, the SEF is often used as a spatial biocalibration, that is, to check the quality and accuracy of the coordinate transformation algorithm [92].
Deep brain stimulation in essential tremor: targets, technology, and a comprehensive review of clinical outcomes
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Joshua K. Wong, Christopher W. Hess, Leonardo Almeida, Erik H. Middlebrooks, Evangelos A. Christou, Erin E. Patrick, Aparna Wagle Shukla, Kelly D. Foote, Michael S. Okun
Structural connectivity has also been utilized to estimate the connectivity profile of the VTA. One study parcellated the thalamus into divisions based on the outgoing connections to various cortical regions [59]. This technique provided a novel method to visualize the thalamic sub-nuclei that are difficult to distinguish on conventional MRI sequences. Connectivity was analyzing into the following cortical targets: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortex, supplemental motor area/premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, and parietal lobe. These structural connectivity profiles were combined with VTA analysis to identify the optimal DBS lead location with respect to clinical outcomes. The authors found that stimulation of the thalamic region with the strongest degree of connectivity to the supplemental motor area/premotor cortex was associated with the greatest degree of tremor suppression.
Motor cortex relocation after complete anatomical hemispherectomy for intractable epilepsy secondary to Rasmussen's encephalitis
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2019
Mitchell T. Foster, Kumar Das, Paul May
Functional MRI has seen similar, but inconsistent findings in other cases of hemispherectomy: Graveline et al. used fMRI to demonstrate activation of the ipsilateral associative sensorimotor cortex in two patients (aged 9 and 17 at the time of surgery) following hemispherectomy.8 Holloway et al. performed fMRI in 8 patients following either anatomical or functional hemispherectomy: two patients with no motor function showed fMRI activation in the sensorimotor cortex of the remaining hemisphere with passive movement of the hemiplegic hand.9 Conversely, two patients with residual motor function (one severe, and one moderate deficit) showed no fMRI activation.9 Olausson et al. found ipsilateral sensory cortex activation on tactile stimuli in two patients with anatomic hemispherectomy.10