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Bone Health
Published in Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau, Beyond Menopause, 2023
Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau
As you age, your body posture and alignment also change due to loss of bone mass and muscle integrity. Have you ever seen your reflection and noticed that your head is leading the way, or your shoulders and upper back are rounded forward? This stooped, slouched posture is often associated with older women. The good news is that you can intentionally retrain your postural alignment. Practicing good body alignment and correcting body positions that create imbalance can help you avoid falls and fractures as well as help with your proprioception, which is the body’s ability to sense where it is in space. Examples include knowing whether your feet are on grass or cement, being able to balance on one leg, and touching your nose with your finger with your eyes closed. In other words, good proprioception is essential for your body to move normally and maintain balance. Unfortunately, proprioception declines with age, impairing balance and increasing the chances of falling.
Vertigo
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Your vision is useful for balancing because it allows you to see the position of your own body. Some people with vertigo only notice a balance problem when their eyes are closed, and physicians can use this as a test—comparing your balance with your eyes open to your balance when your eyes are closed—to narrow down the possible types of brain dysfunction (Killeen et al., 2019). Proprioception is a person's ability to use feedback from the nerves in their body parts to determine what position those body parts are currently occupying—such as being able to tell whether your arm is currently by your side or above your head. Proprioception can be involved in other disorders, as well (see Somatoparaphrenia).
Principles of neuromotor development
Published in Mijna Hadders-Algra, Kirsten R. Heineman, The Infant Motor Profile, 2021
Mijna Hadders-Algra, Kirsten R. Heineman
Proprioception provides the nervous system with information on muscles, tendons, and joints. Studies on monosynaptic stretch reflexes show that these reflexes are present from at least 31 weeks PMA onwards (O’Sullivan et al. 1991). With increasing age, the threshold to elicit the response increases, starting with a relatively rapid increase during the first three months post-term, which is followed by a slow and gradual increase until the age of six years (Hakamada et al. 1988, O’Sullivan et al. 1991). During infancy, the monosynaptic stretch reflex elicits activity not only in its homonymous muscle, but also in other muscles. For instance, after a biceps brachii tendon tap, reflex activity variably irradiates to the triceps, pectoralis major, deltoid, and hypothenar muscles, and during the knee jerk, reflex activity variably irradiates to the ipsilateral hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles and the contralateral quadriceps and hamstrings muscles (O’Sullivan et al. 1991, Leonard et al. 1995, Teulier et al. 2011, Hamer et al. 2016). With increasing age, reflex irradiation decreases, but in the second year of life, it is still present in many muscles. It disappears at the age of four to five years (O’Sullivan et al. 1991, Leonard et al. 1995). These data indicate that spinal circuitries involved in segmental processing of proprioceptive information show substantial developmental changes, including changes in reciprocal and Renshaw inhibition (McDonough et al. 2001). These changes occur in interdependence with supraspinal developmental changes.
Six month nonunion tibial diaphysis osteotomy treated with conventional pulsed therapeutic ultrasound: a case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Carlos E. Pinfildi, Ricardo S. Guerra, Mariana C. Ventura
We proposed a rehabilitation protocol including a muscle strengthening series for the lower limbs such as the quadriceps, hamstrings, adductor, abductor, calf muscle, and tibialis anterior. All of them started with 2 × 12 repetitions with an elastic band owing to muscular weakness of the patient. An increase in load was performed for each type of exercise according to the patient’s evolution. We evaluated the gait and observed that it was necessary to return the control of weight-bearing with one crutch because he still walked with a slight limp. During this time, the patient developed muscle weakness, muscle soreness, and pain during daily activities. Proprioception training was also performed with balance exercises on a stable and an unstable platform. All exercises were performed with no pain or with some discomfort (< 3 on the NPR scale).
Spinal automaticity of movement control and its role in recovering function after spinal injury
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Proprioceptive input is available continuously, updating interneurons and motor neurons about where neuromuscular tendinous tissues have moved from, and where they most likely are programmed to go next. In other words, it is better than real-time. The translation of sensation-to-action occurs as a predictor of where to move next, i.e. it is continuously planning ahead. Due to its planning design or feedforward role, proprioception is critical in performing routine movements such as stepping, standing, and balancing. However, there seems to be limited awareness of the importance and robustness of this feedforward design feature. Instead, proprioception has historically been recognized more often for its role in providing ‘feedback’ to correct a movement. But what is typically assumed to be ‘feedback,’ is a rapidly planned, largely stereotypical, feedforward response.
Laser testing for upper extremity proprioceptive deficits following rotator cuff injury: two case reports
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2020
Laura Langer, Raine Osborne, Robert H. Rowe, Jason M. Beneciuk
Proprioception is a specialized joint function that includes sensation of movement and joint position (Lubiatowski et al., 2013). Proprioception can be further categorized into three related but distinct classes of force production, kinesthesia, and joint position sense (Maaenhout et al., 2012). A recent review of the effects of shoulder injury on kinesthetic awareness indicated movement sense to be most likely impaired following shoulder injury involving post-traumatic instability; however, it is less likely for other shoulder disorders (e.g. chronic RTC injuries) (Fyhr, Gustavsson, Wassinger, and Sole, 2015). These findings are relevant to physical therapy considering the proportion of patients seeking outpatient services for shoulder pain and recent interest in combining proprioceptive training with other standard interventions.