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Pre-Clinical In-Vivo and In-Vitro Methods For Evaluation of Anti-Alzheimer’s Drugs
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Shilpa A. Deshpande, Niraj S. Vyawahare
Principle: RAM is based on exploratory as well as spatial discrimination tasks for rodents, that have been extensively used to study the role of the hippocampus in learning and memory. The clues, like food pellets, are kept in the arms of the maze, and the animal efficiently locates the tempted/attracted arms by using spatial information provided by the clues in the maze. This is useful in studying spatial reference and working memory processes in the animals. In reference memory procedures, information is useful for many sessions/days and may usually be needed during the entire experiment. Working memory information presented in the maze is useful for only one session but not for subsequent ones; the animal has to remember the information during a delay interval (of between minutes to hours). Correct choices in the radial arm maze are rewarded by food. The RAM requires training for the assessment of learning and, before that, food is restricted to induce motivation, along with exposure to the rewards to make the animals familiar with them before being placed in the maze. Because the test measures trial-dependent memory, it is an assessment of working memory and, more specifically, spatial working memory.
Transplacental Cocaine Exposure: Behavioral Consequences
Published in Richard J. Konkol, George D. Olsen, Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, 2020
Aaron S. Wilkins, Barry E. Kosofsky, Anthony G. Romano, John A. Harvey
Several groups have demonstrated that prenatal cocaine exposure results in persistent deficits in learning. Levin and Seidler63 found differential effects in male and female rats (30 mg/kg, SC, bid, E8-20) on radial-arm maze learning performance. Cocaine-exposed females showed impaired choice accuracy during acquisition of radial-arm maze performance when compared with control females. Conversely, the performance of cocaine-exposed males did not differ from that of control males. Smith et al.5 found cocaine-exposed mice deficient in Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL) performance, which often reflects hippocampal damage,64 and in the water maze.
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Similar antidepressant-like effects of piperine were seen in studies using rats. Four weeks of administration of piperine improved performance in the forced swim test, as well as in the Morris water maze. The later suggests improvement in cognitive function.16 In another rat study, a methanolic extract of Piper nigrum was used to study effects in an amyloid beta(1-42) rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Performance was improved in both the Y-maze and radial arm-maze tasks, thus indication improvement of cognitive function. Of further significance was the evaluation of antioxidant effects of the extract of Piper nigrum in the hippocampi of those animals. Superoxide dismutase-, catalase-, and glutathione peroxidase-specific activities and the total content of reduced glutathione were increased in the hippocampus, whereas malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels were reduced. Thus, it is likely that that improvement in cognitive function, as well as the antidepressants effects observed in other studies, were due in part to potent antioxidative effects of piperine in the brains of experimental animals.17
Sevoflurane attenuates cognitive dysfunction and NLRP3-dependent caspase-1/11-GSDMD pathway-mediated pyroptosis in the hippocampus via upregulation of SIRT1 in a sepsis model
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Hao Chen, Yi Peng, Li Wang, Xin Wang
The reference and working components of spatial memory were assessed using a radial arm maze (RAM) with eight arms. During the habituation phase, food bait (sunflower seeds) was randomly spread across the RAM and the mice were permitted to examine the maze for about 5 min per trial twice a day for 2 days. Next, one seed was placed in the training phase for each mouse and the mice were exposed to the maze in a similar manner to mitigate task errors. In the test phase, alternative arms of the RAM were baited, and the spatial working and reference memory capabilities of the mice were examined. Memory errors were scored based on reference memory errors (RMEs) counted as the total entries into arms that were never baited. The working memory errors were further classified as “correct” working memory errors (CWE), counted as the total baited arm re-entries, and “incorrect” working memory errors (IWE), defined as total re-entries into non-baited arms.
Brain regional pharmacokinetics following the oral administration of curcumagalactomannosides and its relation to cognitive function
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Ramalingam G. Kannan, Maliakal B. Abhilash, Kumar Dinesh, Das S. Syam, Maliakel Balu, Ittiyavirah Sibi, I. M. Krishnakumar
Spatial memory of rats was measured using a radial arm maze apparatus consisting of a central circular arena and eight equally sized arms of 60 cm length and 20 cm breadth. The animals were placed at the centre of the platform and allowed to move freely on each arm. At far end of each arm, a small food cup was kept and sucrose food pellet (reward) was mounted on it. Reinforcers (or baits) are scattered on the arms. A five-day training was given prior to the experiment as per the methods of Hodges [23]. During the training period, all the arms were baited initially followed by baiting of alternative arms. Retention latencies (time for a rat to reach the reward) were recorded during the test phase (1st and 28th day). The double entries into the baited arm are considered as spatial working memory error while entries in never baited arm is considered as the spatial reference memory error.
The effect of chronic neuropeptide-S treatment on non-motor parameters in experimental model of Parkinson’s disease
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Osman Sinen, Mehmet Bülbül, Narin Derin, Ayse Ozkan, Guven Akcay, Mutay Aydın Aslan, Aysel Agar
The radial arm-maze test (RAM) was used to measure spatial learning and memory in rats as described by [27] with slight modifications. The parameters of RAM were recorded and analyzed EthoVisionXT software (Noldus EthovisionXT, Netherlands). The RAM apparatus consisted of eight equally spaced arms (50 × 12 × 15 cm) radiating from an octagonal central platform, each arms were numbered from 1 to 8 and the maze was set up 40 cm above the floor in the testing room. Several visual cues were placed on the walls of room for help the orientation At the distal end of all arms of RAM, there was a food cup 1 cm deep and 3 cm in diameter that had a single food pellet. At the beginning of RAM experiments, rats were allowed to explore the maze 2 trial per day for three consecutive days for 5 min and eat all the food pellets (20 mg chocolate for rats) placed in all the arms of the maze. After habituation, rats have to learn where they can find the 20 mg food chocolate pellet placed into 2., 3., 5. and 7. arms of the eight-arm radial maze. All rats were trained with two trials per day for four consecutive days. During the RAM procedure, the animals were placed in the center of the maze and the working and reference memory tasks were assessed. Each trial was terminated when the rat ate three of the four pellets or finished five minutes. An arm entry was recorded when four limbs of the rat were within an arm. For remove olfactory cues, the maze was cleaned thoroughly with 70% ethanol and allowed to dry between each trial.