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The Mesocorticolimbic Circuit in Drug Dependence and Reward — a Role for the Extended Amygdala?
Published in Peter W. Kalivas, Charles D. Barnes, Limbic Motor Circuits and Neuropsychiatry, 2019
George F. Koob, Patricia Robledo, Athina Markou, S. Barak Caine
Nevertheless, the mesocorticolimbic DA system and its connections may modulate two important aspects of reinforcement, the activating and associative components of reinforcement. In rodents, powerful reinforcers or incentives produce a behavioral activation that appears to be sensitive to disruption of mesocorticolimbic function (also see Robbins and Everitt64). For example, selective destruction of the DA projection to the region of the nucleus accumbens produces decreases in locomotor activity induced by novel environments, decreases in motor activity produced by food presentation, and decreases in activation produced by scheduled food delivery (schedule-induced polydipsia) (for review, see Robbins and Everitt64). Similar lesions have also been shown to produce a syndrome of perseveration with reduced distraction caused by irrelevant information and a decrease in behavioral switching and flexibility.61,65 In learning tasks, animals with similar lesions show impairment in spontaneous alternation, disturbances in acquisition of spatial habits, and difficulty in reversing previously learned habits.61,65 These deficits suggest a role for the mesocorticolimbic system in attentional and habit-motor functions61,65 (see Robbins and Everitt64).
Evaluation of Associated Behavioral and Cognitive Deficits in Anticonvulsant Drug Testing
Published in Steven L. Peterson, Timothy E. Albertson, Neuropharmacology Methods in Epilepsy Research, 2019
It is thus surprising that the cognitive deficit induced by antiepileptic drugs is only rarely studied in detail. Such laboratory tests like the one-trial passive avoidance procedures and maze tests (as exemplified by a Y-maze test) have shown that doses of anticonvulsant drugs that produce effects and/or plasma concentrations comparable with those seen in clinical conditions in patients may produce impairments of short-term and long-term memory in rodents.24-27 For this reason, simple tests that are able to detect adverse cognitive effects of antiepileptic drugs need to be included in the battery of routinely performed preclinical tests in rodents. The passive avoidance task is believed to offer information pertaining to long-term memory28 and spontaneous alternation in the Y-shaped maze can be regarded as a measure involving spatial working memory.29
Prenatal exposure of bonny light crude oil induces embryotoxicity, impaired cognitive functions and cortico-hippocampal neurodegeneration on fetal outcomes of pregnant sprague-dawley rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
S. C. Gbotolorun, C. C. Ezeife, B. Ogunlade
Y Maze spontaneous Alternation is a behavioral test for measuring the willingness of the rat to explore new environments. Rodents typically prefer to investigate a new arm of the maze rather than returning to one that was previously visited. Testing was carried out in the Y-shaped Maze with three white, opaque plastic arms at a 120° angle from each other. After introduction to the center of the maze, the rat was allowed to freely explore the three arms. Over the course of multiple arm entries, the rat should show a tendency to enter a less recently visited arm. The number of arm entries and the number of triad was recorded in order to calculate the percentage of alternation. An entry occurred when all four limbs were within the arm. This test was used to quantify cognitive deficits of rats and evaluate neurotoxic effects on the cognition of exposed rats (Vorhees and Williams 2006, Kim et al.2013).
Phytol loaded PLGA nanoparticles ameliorate scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction by attenuating cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress and apoptosis in Wistar rat
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Sethuraman Sathya, Boovaragamoorthy Gowri Manogari, Kaliannan Thamaraiselvi, Sethuraman Vaidevi, Kandasamy Ruckmani, Kasi Pandima Devi
Spontaneous alternation behavior was performed to determine the short-term memory in rats with slight modifications[13]. In brief, each animal was placed at one end of the ‘Y’ shaped wooden maze and allowed to move freely throughout the maze for 8 min, and the total number of arm series entries, including the feasible returns into the same arm, was observed visually. The alternation was assessed based on the successive entries of rats into all the arms, on overlapping triplet sets. One hour before the test, rats were administrated orally with the vehicle, Phytol (100 mg/kg), Phytol-PLGANPs (100 & 200 mg/kg), and 30 min later, the rats were injected with scopolamine (2 mg/kg, i.p.). The arms were carefully cleaned in between tests to remove residual odors. During the trial period, the total number of arm entries was determined. Also, the percentage of alternation was calculated using the following formula:
Electrical lesion of bilateral ventrolateral orbital cortex impairs fear- and space-related learning and affects subsequent choice behavior
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Zheng Chu, Peng Liu, Gang Lei, Fei Liu, Lisha Deng, Liu Yang, Shaofu Li, Yiming Wang, Yonghui Dang
Spontaneous alternation performance is based on the assumption that rodents show less of a tendency to enter the previously explored arm on any given trial. In this experiment, rats were placed in a T-maze which consisted of three arms (30 cm × 6 cm × 15 cm) intersecting in a square area (6 cm × 6 cm) (17). The floor and walls of the T-maze are made of stainless steel, and the top is covered with transparent plexiglass. Rats were placed into the start arm with the doors to left and right arms opening and allowed to choose a goal arm to enter. Once the rat had selected an arm, the arm would be blocked. The rat would be allowed to stay there for 30 second and then picked up and put back into its cage. Each rats received 10 trials, and inter-trial intervals were approximately 5 min. Record every selection for analyze.