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Interactions of Sleep Substances
Published in Shojiro Inoué, Biology of Sleep Substances, 2020
It is generally known that a highly developed integrative function in the organism is regulated by multiple factors, both neural and humoral. The complementary relationships between the neural and the endocrine regulatory systems are established in the homeothermal animal.1 Hence, it appears likely that sleep, one of the highest order biological functions, may be controlled through both neural and humoral information. It has been well established that neural circuits in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and brainstem are involved in the regulation of sleep. In addition, as dealt with in the previous chapters, there are a wide variety of sleep-related endogenous factors, which can more or less enhance sleep.
The Sleeping Brain
Published in Hanno W. Kirk, Restoring the Brain, 2020
The mesial temporal lobe contains the amygdala and hippocampus, which are important components of emotive modulation and mnestic functioning. The increased glucose metabolism seen in the hippocampi in NREM sleep is comparable to that seen during active learning. The basal forebrain is also involved in cognition and memory. The nucleus basalis of Meynert within the basal forebrain shows profound degeneration, manifested by accumulation of beta amyloid and tau, in Alzheimer’s patients.15 Given the previously described putative clearance of neurotoxins such as beta amyloid and tau during sleep, chronic sleep deprivation may be a risk factor for dementia.16
Basal Forebrain Organization: An Anatomical Framework for Motor Aspects of Drive and Motivation
Published in Peter W. Kalivas, Charles D. Barnes, Limbic Motor Circuits and Neuropsychiatry, 2019
Lennart Heimer, George F. Alheid, Daniel S. Zahm
A profound legacy of Gordon Mogenson is his early insight into the value of combining anatomical and behavioral methods in examining basal forebrain function. The emerging picture of basal forebrain organization provides a framework for further progress in relating structure and function. In order to provide a blueprint for the next generation of such experiments, we would place a high priority on documenting the morphology and histochemical characteristics of multisynaptic basal forebrain pathways. The task of identifying the synaptic interactions within these pathways is no small order, but the work has already begun; the anatomical framework is in place, and modern histotechnical methods are equal to the challenge.
Mental energy: plausible neurological mechanisms and emerging research on the effects of natural dietary compounds
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Patrick J. O’Connor, David O. Kennedy, Stephen Stahl
Although these neurotransmitters have individually been associated with mental energy, the interconnections between them are relevant. Serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic innervations from the brainstem are associated with top-down control of the prefrontal cortex [35], and both noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways have been identified between the prefrontal cortex and striatum [36]. The amino acid glutamate has gained increasing attention for its purported role in several psychiatric conditions, including depression, due to its role as an excitatory neurotransmitter [22]. Histamine is a wide-acting neurotransmitter that has gained interest due to its effects on memory, attention, and fatigue [37,38]. Cholinergic pathways from the basal forebrain to prefrontal cortex are linked to memory and attention and are of potential interest in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [39].
An exploration of higher-level language comprehension deficits and factors influencing them following blast TBI in US veterans
Published in Brain Injury, 2020
Judith R. Koebli, Venugopal Balasubramanian, Genevieve Pinto Zipp
How do these abnormalities correlate with neurobehavioral symptoms? Bigler (28) stated that slight changes in the upper brainstem and reticular activating system will affect consciousness. Mechanical compression of the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices will affect the input and or output to the hippocampus through the fornix and the connection with the anterior thalamus and cingulated. The medial temporal lobe and basal forebrain are associated with emotional regulation. Stretching of the internal carotid artery is associated with posttraumatic migraines. The symptom of fatigue is associated with hormonal changes from the disruption of hypothalamic-pituitary area. Speed of processing is slowed after a concussion. This is correlated to the compromise of the integrity of white matter pathways. Long-coursing axons are more vulnerable for inter-hemispheric connections (29), such as the corpus callosum and anterior commissure. Finally, autopsy studies found axonal injury in the fornix (30,31). The fornix is a white matter structure that contains projecting axons from the hippocampus. The hippocampus is important for memory. Therefore, disruption in the fronix integrity may cause the disruption in short-term memory (28).
Chromones: privileged scaffolds for the production of multi-target-directed-ligand agents for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Carlos F. M. Silva, Diana C. G. A. Pinto, Artur M. S. Silva
It has been postulated that the degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, related to the loss of cholinergic neurotransmission, in the cerebral cortex and other regions of the brain, may contribute to the already referred deterioration of cognitive function in AD patients [21]. This cholinergic depletion in synaptic regions might be promoted by the failure in the synthesis of this neurotransmitter, the decrease of choline uptake by neuronal cells and, predominantly, due to the action of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This enzyme acts by cleaving the neurotransmitter ACh into choline and acetate, compromising the cholinergic neurotransmission. This enzyme has, therefore, been one of the main targets for the development of new treatments that may hinder the loss of cognitive function suffered by AD patients [22].