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Physiology of the Pain System
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
The midbrain’s PAG plays a central role in the descending pain pathway. The hypothalamus has topographic projections onto the PAG. Forebrain projections from the limbic system are also noted. Together, these regions affect the PAG to project to the rostroventral medulla (RVM) and the pons, utilizing substance P, glutamate, and cholinergic neurons to impact the pain processing system. Opiate receptors are noted in the PAG (as well as the amygdala and midline medulla). Opiates inhibit the inhibitory (GABA) output to the medulla. As a result, the bulbospinal pathway is activated via noradrenergic and serotoninergic pathways.
Central Connections of the Nuclei of the Vagus Nerve
Published in Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes, Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
R.A. Leslie, D.J.M. Reynolds, I.N.C. Lawes
The brain area referred to as the visceral forebrain is composed of both subcortical and cortical structures. The principal subcortical structures are the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACE), lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTL) and PVH. Cortical structures of the visceral forebrain are the insular cortex and the infralimbic-anterior cingulate cortex. The BNSTL and the ACE will be considered together since they share a number of anatomical features14,49 and may indeed serve common functions. In the broadest terms, the amygdala is involved in the expression of somatic and autonomic components of defense, emotion and motivation. Until the mid 1970s the influence of the amygdala on autonomic components of emotional behavior was thought to be exerted indirectly via the hypothalamus, but ample evidence now exists to show that there are direct projections from the ACE and BNSTL to the DVC, and in particular to the DMX, and the NA in a variety of species (Tables 3 and 4). The demonstration of these monosynaptic connections with the vagal motor nuclei supports the notion that limbic structures may directly modulate parasympathetic outflow.
The Evolution of Consciousness
Published in Max R. Bennett, The Idea of Consciousness, 2020
Lower vertebrates possess brains that can be divided into three distinct regions that receive discrete sensory inputs (Figure 6.3). The first of these regions of grey matter (consisting of neuron cell bodies with their synaptic connections) is the forebrain, sometimes called the pallium or cortex, with the generic name telencephalon; this receives a direct olfactory input from the nose. Next is the midbrain, or mesencephalon, which receives visual input from the eyes. This is followed by the hindbrain which includes the cerebellum and has the generic name metencephalon; the hindbrain receives an input from the ears or the lateral line organs that can detect vibrations in the medium that the animal resides in. Note that the thalamus does not appear in Figure 6.3 as it is not a processing center for a particular sensory modality. Rather, the thalamus is a relay station for all sensory input to the major dorsal regions of grey matter with the exception of smell, which is dealt with by the olfactory bulb connected directly to the nose.
Induction of Fos expression in the rat brain after intragastric administration of dried bonito dashi
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Takashi Kondoh, Mitsuhiro Yoshimura, Satomi Sonoda, Hiroaki Fujihara, Tetsuro Matsunaga, Yoichi Ueta
Dashi is an essential component as a soup and source flavoring base in Japanese cuisine, being often referred to as ‘the heart of Japanese cuisine’ [1]. As the Japanese food culture ‘WASHOKU’ was added to the list of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)'s Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2013, scientific interest in the physiological properties of dashi is mounting. Using an Fos protein immunohistochemistry to index neuronal activation, the present study revealed a number of areas in the rat brain recruited by intragastric loads of dried bonito dashi. Specifically, dashi activated forebrain regions (mPOA, SFO, HbN, and CeA) as well as hindbrain visceral sensory (cNST, LPBD, and AP) and autonomic (RVLM and CVLM) centers. Excepting mPOA, dashi did not activate hypothalamic areas including feeding-related centers (LHA, VMH, and ARC). Intriguingly, dashi did not activate NAC and VTA, key sites for food rewards and known to be activated by intragastric load of sugars and fats [14, 15]. Overall, our results demonstrate significant activation of discrete forebrain and hindbrain regions following intragastric loads of dashi, although dopamine-related reward system and most of the feeding-related hypothalamic nuclei are not involved.
Effects of isoflavones on behavior, estradiol, glutamate, and GABA levels in intact middle-aged female rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Thaísa Meira Sandini, Thiago Marinho Reis-Silva, Natalia Moreira, Maria Martha Bernardi, Ivo Lebrun, Helenice de Souza Spinosa
The forebrain involves important regions such as the thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus; neurotransmitters (DA, NE, and 5-HT) in these regions play a key role in the regulation of some brain functions such as emotion and behavior. In relation to monoamine neurotransmitters, our results did not demonstrate differences in DA, NE, and 5-HT levels and their metabolites in all doses evaluated. However, a recent study with young male rats that received daily long-term administration (43 mg/kg for 8 weeks) of SIF showed increased DA, NE, and 5-HT levels followed by a decrease in 5-HIAA level.54 These authors observed changes in monoamine levels after 8 weeks of treatment with SIF in male rats and it is due to depressed metabolic processes via a decrease in MAO enzyme activity. In this case, the differences between results can be attributed mainly to age and sex, since neurochemical changes occur across the lifespan in humans and rodents.
Two patterns of anterior insular cortex functional connectivity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2018
Jian Li, Yanqing Tang, Fay Womer, Guoguang Fan, Qian Zhou, Wenge Sun, Ke Xu, Fei Wang
While there were distinct FC patterns in the BD and SZ groups, there were shared rsFC abnormalities in the vAIC and dAIC, with regions including the bilateral thalamus and frontal pole, and the left MFG and hippocampus in these groups. Multiple structural analyses have identified grey matter deficits in these specific regions (including the bilateral AIC) (Glahn et al. 2008; Ellison-Wright & Bullmore 2010; Nery et al. 2013). The thalamus serves as a relay station within forebrain circuits to the cerebral cortex and to limbic structures (Jones 1997). Of particular interest in this study, rsFC abnormalities were observed between the AIC and the thalamus. Studies of primate anatomy reveal region-specific reciprocal thalamic projections with the AIC (Augustine 1996; Clasca et al. 1997). Previous rsFC data have shown functional connections between the thalamus and anterior insula (Cauda et al. 2011). The extent of the structural connections between the AIC and the thalamus suggests that the AIC is involved in modulation of thalamic function. Previous studies have consistently reported thalamic dysfunction associated with aberrant emotional, cognitive and social behaviour in BD and SZ (Strakowski et al. 2005; Byne et al. 2009).