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Taste and Food Choice
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Anencephalic neonates, born with no forebrain, reacted identically to healthy babies, demonstrating that these acceptance-rejection reflexes are orchestrated in the hindbrain. The critical location would appear to be the NST. This is the major hindbrain recipient of sensory information that originates within the body, including taste, respiration, blood pressure, blood pH, gastrointestinal activity, and pain (Smith and Scott 2003). Efferents from NST regulate somatic reflexes both for acceptance and rejection, and autonomic reflexes associated with digestion.
Developmental Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
James H. Tonsgard, Nikolas Mata-Machado
Development of the posterior fossa is a complicated process that begins after neural tube closure and after the brain has divided into three primary structures: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. The pons, cerebellum, and medulla are derived from the rhombencephalon; the cerebellum is derived from the most rostral portion of the hindbrain, the pons from the next portion of the hindbrain or metencephalon, and the medulla from the lower portion of the hindbrain or myelencephalon. Only the midbrain is derived from the mesencephalon.
Role of central GABA in the regulation of blood pressure and the development of hypertension in the SHR
Published in H. Saito, Y. Yamori, M. Minami, S.H. Parvez, New Advances in SHR Research –, 2020
Maarten Van Den Buuse, Geoffrey A. Head
A number of studies have addressed the effects of i.c.v. injected GABAergic drugs on the regulation of central cardiovascular reflexes. The ix.v. injection of GABA in anesthetized rats produced an enhancement of reflex bradycardia to pressor responses induced by intravenous injections of adrenaline (Yang and Lin, 1983). Barman and Gebber (1979) studied the inhibitory effects of stimulation of the hypothalamic defense region on phenylephrine-induced reflex vagal bradycardia in anesthetized cats. Intravenous treatment with picrotoxin or bicuculline caused a dose-related reduction of the inhibitory effect of hypothalamic stimulation, indicating that endogenous release of GABA was involved in these effects (Barman and Gebber, 1979). More recent studies have extended these observations by using local injections of GABAergic drugs in the forebrain or hindbrain (see below).
Neuropathology Evaluation of in Utero Correction of Myelomeningocele and Complications of Late-Onset GBS Infection
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Sarah Edminster, Tai-Wei Wu, Alexander Van Speybroeck, Jason Chu, Denise A. Lapa, Ramen H. Chmait, Linda J. Szymanski
Formal examination of the fixed brain, spinal cord, and spinal column specimens was performed two weeks later. The brain findings of basilar yellow exudate stated above were confirmed at this time (Fig. 2b). Mild cerebral edema was apparent. Complete hindbrain herniation reversal was documented. Serial coronal sections of the cerebrum revealed an immature brain with no distinction between gray and white matter. The subcortical and deep matter was soft. No intraventricular hemorrhage or exudate was present. The choroid plexus appeared unremarkable. The bilateral basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus appeared unremarkable. There was no evidence of white matter necrosis. Axial sections of the cerebellum and brainstem revealed a small basis pontis and leptomeningeal exudate on the ventral surface.
Craniorachischisis with Exencephaly
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2021
Jessenia Guerrero, Debra S. Heller, Ada Baisre de Leon
We received a female fetus weighing 53 g, measuring 10 cm from crown to heel and a foot length of 17 mm. The face was elongated, the neck was short, the chin was directly connected to the upper chest, the eyes were protruding, and the ears were poorly formed. The single-lobed brain was entirely exposed, as the dura mater, calvarial bones and scalp were absent. The brainstem and cerebellum were not clearly identified, and in their place, a pale and rudimentary hindbrain was noted, which merged with the abnormal spinal cord (Figures 1a–d). Posteriorly, the vertebral column was open along its entire length with absence of spinous processes (Figure 1d). The spinal canal, as well as the exposed spinal cord, were flattened. Both halves of the spinal cord were placed laterally as if it had been sectioned at the posterior median sulcus and flattened in an “open book” fashion (Figure 2). The surface of the exposed spinal cord was covered by ependymal linning, without significant reaction or inflammation. Neurons of the ventral horn were evident, as were the ventral and dorsal nerve roots (Figure 2 Insert). Sections through the anterior portion of the single-lobed brain showed immature neural elements with several true/ependymoblastomatous rosettes (Figure 3).
Type 2 persistent primitive proatlantal intersegmental artery, a rare variant of persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2019
Gagandeep Choudhary, Narendra Adhikari, Jad Chokr, Nishant Gupta
In the early phase of embryonic development, the blood supply to the posterior fossa is entirely dependent on the anterior circulation through carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. At the 4- to 5-mm embryonic stage, the hindbrain is supplied by two parallel neural arches. These neural arches get their blood supply from the anterior circulation through the trigeminal artery, the otic artery, the hypoglossal artery, and the ProA. The first three arteries are also known as presegmental arteries and are named after the cranial nerves they follow.1,2 The life span of these vessels is approximately a week. As the hindbrain structure develops, the blood vessels undergo extensive modification and the posterior circulation becomes progressively independent from the anterior circulation, with obliteration of these carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. The neural arches consolidate to form the basilar artery, with formation of posterior communicating arteries and VA. The otic artery is the first vessel to obliterate, followed by the hypoglossal, trigeminal, and ProA arteries.1 The ProA persists until the VAs are fully developed and, in fact, a short segment of ProA is incorporated into the distal cervical VA.1