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Cerebellar Degeneration—Alcoholic
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Cerebellar degeneration is a process in which neurons in the cerebellum, which controls coordination and balance, deteriorate and die. Ataxia or loss of coordination in standing and gait typically develop over weeks and months but there can be an acute onset as well. The cause is often alcohol abuse and nutritional deficiencies.
The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Beneath the diencephalon are the cerebellum and the brainstem. The cerebellum lies posterior to the brainstem. The surface of the cerebellum is similar to the surface of the cerebrum, has multiple sulci and gyri and contains a rim of grey matter. The cerebellum regulates posture and balance and is important for the coordinated contraction of skeletal muscle. Damage to the cerebellum affects muscle coordination and causes ataxia. Ataxia is most noticeable when walking, as individuals appear to stagger or have an abnormal gait. Similar signs of ataxia can be seen after excessive alcohol consumption; alcohol inhibits cerebellar function.
Control of Movement and Posture
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
It is well established that the prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum engage in motor learning, although the exact role of each of these regions is not clear. As stated previously, the cerebellum seems to play a crucial role in the learning of motor skills involving a sequence of movements. The cerebellum is most active during the early phase of the learning of a motor sequence, during which cerebellar activity adjusts movement kinematics, based on sensory feedback, so as to accurately produce the desired motor output and reduce error during motor learning. The prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia are particularly important for motor learning. Once the motor sequence has been well learned, the dorsal striatum and motor cortical areas are critical for long-term storage and recall of the learned sequence. Synaptic plasticity is believed to underlie the learning process.
Effects of therapeutic exercise on disease severity, balance, and functional Independence among individuals with cerebellar ataxia: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Stanley Winser, Ho Kwan Chan, Wing Ki Chen, Chung Yau Hau, Siu Hang Leung, Yee Hang Leung, Umar Muhammad Bello
Cerebellar ataxia is a heterogeneous group of movement disorders caused by damage to the cerebellum or its connections (Marsden and Harris, 2011). Health conditions that result in ataxia are categorized as non-hereditary or hereditary degenerative, or due to an acquired underlying cause (Manto and Marmolino, 2009). The global prevalence of the dominant form of hereditary ataxia is 2.7 per 100,000 (Ruano, Melo, Silva, and Coutinho, 2014). Individuals with cerebellar ataxia report a significant decline in quality of life (Pérez-Flores, Hernández-Torres, Montón, and Nieto, 2020) and a greater reduction in the performance of activities of daily living (Miyai, 2012; Winser et al., 2020). Impaired balance is associated with all types of ataxias. Falls due to impaired balance is common among individuals with cerebellar ataxia and more than 70% of individuals with cerebellar ataxia experience at least one fall within 12 months (Fonteyn et al., 2010). Improving balance among the population is crucial for improving community participation and reducing healthcare costs associated with accidental falls (Winser et al., 2020). Besides poor balance, individuals with cerebellar ataxia present with incoordination of limb and eyeball movement, speech impairment and altered muscle tone (Manto and Marmolino, 2009).
The ‘worm’ in our brain. An anatomical, historical, and philological study on the vermis cerebelli
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
In clinical neuroanatomy, the vestibulocerebellum regulates balance and eye movements; the spinocerebellum regulates body and limb movements (see Figure 8). Lesions of the vermis, therefore, affect vestibular connexions and impair the balance of the trunk (truncal ataxia, see Clarke et al. 2009, 28–30). Classically, the spinocerebellum receives somatosensory input from ascending spinal pathways, but part of the vermis seems to receive input from the cerebral cortex, too (Coffman, Dum, and Strick 2011). According to other recent research, the posterior vermis is the anatomical substrate of the limbic cerebellum. Lesions may result in cognitive disturbances, even in personality changes (the “cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome,” first described in Brain by Schmahmann and Sherman in 1998; for a recent review, see Schmahmann 2019). However, the fact that working memory and visual-spatial memory can also be affected should not provoke nostalgic reminiscences of the cell doctrine: Memory is represented in multiple regions of the brain.
Effects of pyrethroids on the cerebellum and related mechanisms: a narrative review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Fei Hao, Ye Bu, Shasha Huang, Wanqi Li, Huiwen Feng, Yuan Wang
As a functional area extremely sensitive to PYRs, the cerebellum plays an important role in the storage of motor learning memory (Kassab 2018; El-Beltagy et al. 2019). The main function of the cerebellum is to coordinate autonomous movements and maintain motor learning, posture, balance and muscle tone. Exposure to PYRs may result in a range of physiological and behavioral abnormalities, particularly motor deficits because the cerebellum is essential for gait and motor coordination. Some data indicated that PYRs had an impact on both the structural and functional development of the cerebellum (Asari et al. 2010; Kumar et al. 2013; Syed et al. 2016; Elsawy et al. 2017; Kassab 2018). Developmental exposure to PYRs impaired neonatal pivoting activity, surface rightward reflexes, and negative geotaxis reflexes. The cerebellum is believed to be involved in the execution of these behaviors and the impairment indicates developmental cerebellar damage (Syed et al. 2016). An association has also been reported between exposure to PYRs and abnormal child neurodevelopment (Ostrea et al. 2012; Shelton et al. 2014). Motor activity was also decreased in rats exposed to PYRs during development, which was associated with altered cerebellar development (Patro et al. 2009).