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Ataxia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Ataxia is the term for a group of neurological diseases that negatively affect movement and coordination. Awkwardness of movements creates difficulty in getting dressed, walking, swallowing, eye movements, speech, activities of daily living, etc. Ataxia can arise from disorders that involve cerebellum, spinal cord, brain stem, vestibular nuclei, thalamic nuclei, cerebral white matter, cortex (especially frontal), and peripheral sensory nerves.1
Ataxia (and Dysmetria)
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Sometimes a person does not consistently experience ataxia—the symptoms may come and go. In these cases, it is referred to as episodic ataxia. Episodic ataxia is also usually hereditary. Depending on the type of episodic ataxia, the episodes may last for just seconds or minutes, or in a more severe type, from hours to days (Ashizawa & Xia, 2016). Episodes may be triggered due to changes in posture, motion, or emotional state, resulting in temporary ataxia symptoms (Strupp et al., 2007). Additionally, episodic ataxia is often associated with symptoms such as sensations of spinning (see Vertigo), migraines (see Migraine Headaches), and seizures (see Seizures), depending on the subtype (Rajakulendran et al., 2007).
Motor Neurological Examination of the Hand and Upper Limb
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
Causes of coordination Impairments:Uncoordinated movement or coordination impairment is known as ataxia. The causes of ataxia range from chronic conditions to sudden onset, and most of these conditions will relate to damage or degeneration of the cerebellum.Some of the diseases and injuries that can lead to ataxia include traumatic brain injury, alcoholism, infection, neuropathies, spinal cord injuries, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy and brain tumours.
Effects of therapeutic exercise on disease severity, balance, and functional Independence among individuals with cerebellar ataxia: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Stanley Winser, Ho Kwan Chan, Wing Ki Chen, Chung Yau Hau, Siu Hang Leung, Yee Hang Leung, Umar Muhammad Bello
Cerebellar ataxia is a heterogeneous group of movement disorders caused by damage to the cerebellum or its connections (Marsden and Harris, 2011). Health conditions that result in ataxia are categorized as non-hereditary or hereditary degenerative, or due to an acquired underlying cause (Manto and Marmolino, 2009). The global prevalence of the dominant form of hereditary ataxia is 2.7 per 100,000 (Ruano, Melo, Silva, and Coutinho, 2014). Individuals with cerebellar ataxia report a significant decline in quality of life (Pérez-Flores, Hernández-Torres, Montón, and Nieto, 2020) and a greater reduction in the performance of activities of daily living (Miyai, 2012; Winser et al., 2020). Impaired balance is associated with all types of ataxias. Falls due to impaired balance is common among individuals with cerebellar ataxia and more than 70% of individuals with cerebellar ataxia experience at least one fall within 12 months (Fonteyn et al., 2010). Improving balance among the population is crucial for improving community participation and reducing healthcare costs associated with accidental falls (Winser et al., 2020). Besides poor balance, individuals with cerebellar ataxia present with incoordination of limb and eyeball movement, speech impairment and altered muscle tone (Manto and Marmolino, 2009).
Turkish version of Brief Ataxia Rating Scale
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Elif Acar Arslan, Arzu Erden, Beril Dilber, Gülnur Esenülkü, Sevim Şahin, Tülay Kamaşak, Pınar Özkan Kart, Erhan Arslan, Murat Topbaş, Ali Cansu
Ataxia is a disorder of balance and coordination. Conditions accompanying ataxia include coordination weakness, imbalance, dysarthric speech, nystagmus, and swallowing disorder. The reported incidence of acute cerebellar ataxia in children is 1/100 000–1/500 000 [1,2]. Acute ataxia is the most common type, representing 40% of all cases as acute post-infectious cerebellar ataxia. Toxic causes are another very common source of acute childhood ataxias, accounting for approximately a further 30–32% [2–4]. The most common causes of childhood acute ataxia are acute post-infectious cerebellar ataxia, intoxications and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Other causes include cerebellar neoplasms, acute hydrocephalus, acute cerebellitis, traumatic or vascular causes, paraneoplastic causes and autoimmune diseases [3]. Congenital abnormalities, degenerative diseases, and hereditary ataxias are involved in the etiology of chronic and progressive ataxia. The estimated prevalence of acquired, hereditary and mixed childhood ataxia is 26/100 000 among children in Europe [5].
The clinical application of transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with cerebellar ataxia: a systematic review
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Graziella Orrù, Valentina Cesari, Ciro Conversano, Angelo Gemignani
As result of genetic progresses, the number of defined cerebellar ataxias is growing (i.e. Autosomal-Dominant CAs, Polyglutamine Expansion Spinocerebellar Ataxias, Intronic Repeat Diseases and subtypes) [2]. There are multiple modes of inheritance of hereditary ataxia such as: autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked (paternal), mitochondrial forms (maternal), and incomplete penetrance [5]. The category of inherited ataxias comprises disorders with autosomal dominant (i.e. Episodic Ataxias and Spinocerebellar Ataxia), autosomal recessive (i.e. identified gene-defects and identified gene-locus) and X-linked inheritance (i.e. Fragile-X tremor ataxia syndrome) and disorders related to mitochondrial DNA mutations [6]. The genetic forms of ataxia are diagnosed by family history, physical examination, neuroimaging, and molecular genetic testing. The clinical manifestations may result from one or a combination of dysfunction of the cerebellar systems, lesions in the spinal cord, and peripheral sensory loss [7].