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The Endocrine System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The posterior (rear) lobe of the pituitary produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin, which exerts its primary effect on excretion of urine by the kidney. Oxytocin in the female is also produced by the posterior lobe. These are synthesized in the hypothalamus and then stored in the posterior pituitary until released by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus.
Summation of Basic Endocrine Data
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
The pituitary gland is at the base of the brain, in a depression called the sella turcica. It is connected to the hypothalamus above by a hypophyseal stalk. The gland is divided into an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and between them a small structure called the pars intermedia. The posterior lobe hormones are manufactured first in the hypothalamus and then transported through a neurosecretory pathway to the posterior lobe where they are stored.
Endocrine system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The pituitary gland lies in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone (Fig. 10.2). The infundibulum (pituitary stalk) connects the gland to the hypothalamus of the brain, which lies above the optic chiasm and below the third cerebral ventricle and controls pituitary function by hormonal influence. The pituitary is divided functionally and anatomically into anterior and posterior lobes. Production of the two posterior lobe hormones (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone [ADH]) is influenced by hormones sent down the axons of neurones in the pituitary stalk directly to that part of the gland. The anterior lobe produces seven hormones, and their control is by hormones released by the hypothalamus into the portal venous plexus that runs down the stalk to the anterior lobe, so that systemic blood levels of those hormones are very small indeed.
Not so sweet diabetes: a rare case of postpartum central diabetes insipidus
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Xi May Zhen, Kirby Wong, Amelia Fernandes, Anne-Maree Kean
The posterior pituitary bright spot could not be identified on T1-weighted MRI images. This finding is again suggestive of impaired AVP secretory capacity (Hague 2009). Data from animal studies have suggested that the high signal intensity in the posterior pituitary on T1-weighted images represents neurosecretory granules containing AVP (Fujisawa et al. 1989; Kucharczyk et al. 1989; Sato et al. 1995). Signal intensity ratio in the posterior pituitary has been shown to correlate strongly with the AVP content in the posterior lobe, with the signal intensity gradually decreasing with water deprivation (Kurokawa et al. 1998; Fujisawa 2004). The posterior pituitary bright spot is absent in most patients with central DI, with a case series reporting that the posterior pituitary was not hyperintense on the first MRI scan in 74 of 79 patients with central DI (Maghnie et al. 2000). The posterior pituitary bright spot is seen in most individuals without posterior pituitary pathology, though its absence has been reported in a small proportion of normal subjects without DI and considered a normal physiological occurrence in this setting (Brooks et al. 1989).
Are We missing out the role of oxytocin in overactive bladder syndrome?
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Dopamine is an important neuromodulator that exerts widespread effects on the central nervous system function. In different studies, OT is proposed to be a key neural substrate that interacts with central dopamine systems [31–33,39]. OT is a circular non-apeptide synthesized primarily within paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe of the pituitary contains axonal projections originating from the hypothalamus, which secrete OT for release into circulation. While OT regulates dopamine release in extra-hypothalamic regions, oxytocinergic neurons are susceptible to modulation by dopamine themselves as they also express dopamine receptors [33]. Earlier, the investigators proposed a new dysregulation of OT which was occurring via altered dopamine-OT pathways [31–33]. This sense can be interpreted as OT is an important factor of OAB which is commonly seen in PD patients as non-motor component of disease. Of course, this will lead to the potential role of OT via altered dopamine-OT pathways in the pathogenesis of OAB, and as a OT-receptors as a candidate in treatment of OAB.
Endonasal endoscopic approach for sellar metastatic pathologies: a national observation
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Gokmen Kahilogullari, Eyup Bayatli, Murat Geyik, Burak Cabuk, Suha Beton, Omur Gunaldi, Osman Tanrıverdi, Nuri Eralp Cetinalp, Ozgur Tarkan, Ali Erdem Yıldırım, Yahya Efe Guner, Ali Nehir, Ethem Goksu, Mahmut Akyuz, İlkay Isikay, Bulent Duz, Emrah Celtikci, Hayri Kertmen, Ender Köktekir, Mahmut Camlar, Adile Begüm Bahçecioğlu Mutlu, Cevriye Cansız Ersoz, Sinem Civriz Bozdag, Mustafa Berker, Savas Ceylan
The posterior pituitary and stalk were reported to be the major target sites, and even metastases in the anterior lobe were suggested to arise from the posterior pituitary.7,21,23 Many explanations have been proposed to explain the propensity of metastases to develop in the posterior lobe. While the anterior lobe is perfused by the portal system, the posterior lobe is directly supplied by the inferior pituitary arteries. Therefore, hematogenous spread may be easier in the posterior lobe and stalk. In addition, a larger surface of the posterior lobe is in contact with the dura, so it is more prone to meningeal spread.3,7 These lesions also tend to extend to the suprasellar and adjacent regions.