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Functional Neurology
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
Sensory information passes from sensory receptors via afferent nerves to the spinal cord before passing to the brain where it is processed, triggering various responses. At the spinal level, proprioceptive information stimulates reflex patterns of muscle activationAt the brain stem, including the basal ganglia and cerebellum, proprioceptive information is used to help maintain posture and balance of the bodyAt the cerebral cortex, sensory information is received, processed and interpreted to provide position sense The sensory cortex within the cerebrum is the key area of the brain tasked with processing sensory information. The sensory cortex has specific regions that receive information from specific parts of the body. The American-Canadian neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield mapped the sensory cortex, identifying which areas were dedicated to which parts of the body (see Figure 3.3).
Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The cerebrum is the largest region of the brain. Paired cerebral hemispheres form the superior and lateral surfaces of the cerebrum and have cortical surfaces characterised by the presence of elevated ridges and grooves, serving to increase the surface area of the brain. These are the gyri, shallow grooves called sulci and deeper fissures. This folding is less in the neonate and develops into its characteristic pattern during childhood. Although the entire brain enlarged during human evolution, the cerebral hemispheres enlarged at a much faster rate than the other parts of the brain.
The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The thalamus is a pair of oval-shaped structures made of grey matter; in most individuals, the right and left halves are joined by a bridge of grey matter. The thalamus acts as a relay station between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord, between different areas of the cerebrum and between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. It is involved with consciousness.
A case of Sβ+ sickle cell disease diagnosed in adulthood following acute stroke: it’s 2021, are we there yet?
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Ava Runge, Danielle Brazel, Zahra Pakbaz
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemoglobinopathy with devastating, multi-system complications when sub-optimally managed. According to the latest estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 100,000 people in the USA live with SCD [1]. Over the past several decades, survival has improved in children with SCD by implementation of widespread newborn screening, penicillin prophylaxis, pneumococcal vaccination for encapsulated bacteria, and hydroxyurea. However, the overall life expectancy in individuals with SCD in the USA is estimated to be 43 years due to high morbidity and mortality in adulthood [2]. Cerebrovascular disease is a particularly concerning complication of SCD, as both silent cerebral infarcts and overt stroke lead to cognitive and functional deficits over time [3].
Re-conceptualizing postural control assessment in sport-related concussion: Transitioning from the reflex/hierarchical model to the systems model
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2021
Thaer S. Manaseer, Douglas P. Gross, Martin Mrazik, Kathryn Schneider, Jackie L. Whittaker
According to the Reflex/Hierarchical Model, postural control is a simple skill that is controlled by one neurophysiological system (Horak, 2006). The system consists of afferent pathways, the central nervous system, and efferent pathways (Guskiewicz, 2011). Specifically, afferent pathways carry sensory cues from the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory mechanisms to the central nervous system. The central nervous system (i.e. cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord) processes and hierarchically integrates the sensory cues. The spinal cord represents the lowest level of the hierarchy and is involved in the initial processing of somatosensory information, and the reflex and voluntary control of posture through the motor neurons (Shumway-Cook and Woollacott, 2007). Feedback based on the processed sensory cues travels along the efferent pathway to different muscles responsible for postural control and directs them to contract appropriately (Guskiewicz, 2011).
The effects of Alzheimer's disease related striatal pathologic changes on the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
The basal ganglia, a subcortical nuclei, interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and other brain areas, is associated with a variety of functions, such as control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition and emotion. The main structures comprising the basal ganglia are the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus (STN). The striatum is the largest structure of the basal ganglia and mainly consists of Fast Spiking Interneurons (FSI) and Medium Spiny Neurons (MSN) including D1 and D2 type dopamine receptors (Bolam et al. 2000). The globus pallidus is divided into two functionally distinct parts, called the internal (GPi) and the external (GPe) segments. The substantia nigra is a midbrain gray matter portion of the basal ganglia that has two parts – the pars compacta (SNc) and the pars reticulata (SNr). GPi and SNr are often considered as a single structure due to their closely related inputs and outputs and similarities in cytology and function. SNr-GPi complex inhibits the thalamus (Plenz and Kitai 1998; Bolam et al. 2000; Samuelsson and Kotaleski 2007).