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Physical and Physiological Reponses and Adaptations
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Motor control involves a basic pattern of nervous system activity and at the same time improving motor control is a complex process and a critical factor in sport performance. The intent to perform a movement is developed in the higher brain centers and transferred to the motor cortex. The motor cortex transmits signals by way of the brainstem and spinal cord to the appropriate motor neurons.
Neurologic disorders in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Robert Burger, Terry Rolan, David Lardizabal, Upinder Dhand, Aarti Sarwal, Pradeep Sahota
Disorders of human motor control are common neurologic problems. Although the majority of these disorders are more common in the older postmenopausal age groups, a few can be seen in women of childbearing age. Human motor control is achieved through complex interactions of many CNS regions but intimately involve regions of the brain known as the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia utilize a variety of neurotransmitters to achieve the desired sequencing of motor activity and production of normal movement. The effects of progesterone and estrogen on the basal ganglia are unclear as experiments with rat models have produced improvement in dopamine function, where as in humans either no effect or deleterious effects have been reported (71,75).
Functional Neurology
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
The four basic components of the motor system are: The brainThe spinal cordMotor nervesMuscles A basic model of motor control describes how motor signals pass from the brain, via the spinal cord, through efferent motor nerves to drive muscle contraction. A single motor nerve innervates a number of individual muscle fibers. Together, the motor nerve and associated muscle fibers are known as a ‘motor unit’.
Training of isometric force tracking to improve motor control of the wrist after incomplete spinal cord injury: a case study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Jayden A. Bisson, Jacob R. Dupre, Stacey L. DeJong
This case report demonstrates the use of technology in rehabilitation, to enable focused training of specific muscle groups, and to reveal motor control strategies associated with a change in performance. Years after his incomplete SCI, the participant was able to improve control of the force production capacity that remained in his partially paralyzed wrist extensor and flexor muscles. He achieved error levels similar to those observed in healthy individuals operating within the same force range. This concurs with a prior study showing intact ankle motor control after incomplete SCI (van Hedel, Wirth, and Curt, 2010). Analysis of EMG modulation during extensor and flexor phases of the task identified two factors that were related to his performance gain: 1) increased flexor activation during flexion phases; and 2) increased extensor relaxation during flexion phases. This deep level of insight into motor control strategies, which are likely to vary across individual clients according to their unique pattern of impairments, may be crucial for the delivery of personalized, precision rehabilitation.
Spinal automaticity of movement control and its role in recovering function after spinal injury
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
One of the most complex tasks for the nervous system is to control movements while simultaneously updating multimodal inputs to all the motor pools driving the actions. The nervous system accomplishes this feat by changing spinal networks to physiological states congruent with the action intended. The physiological state is defined largely by the composite of all sensory modalities. Consequently, the arduous task of generating an infinite array of potential movements requires the extensive transformation of sensory inputs to motor actions in real-time. These highly integrated actions, for the most part, must occur ‘automatically’ or even ‘autonomically.’ Furthermore, for real-time automaticity to occur as effectively and smoothly as possible, the spinal and supraspinal sensory networks must function in a feedforward and synergistic manner. In this review, we present evidence for the dominating role of spinal networks in controlling movement. While the premise is based on mammalian experiments, it is obvious that the major concepts are variations of invertebrate systems. Also, while much of this review is focused on the control of movement in uninjured states, most concepts are derived from earlier studies on spinal injuries. Stuart and Hultborn [1] have elegantly summarized the history of motor control physiology with a focus on spinal networks at the systems level, while Kiehn [2] has presented a more of a circuit and cellular perspective.
Pain assessment in cerebral palsy: a systematic review of measurement properties and evaluation using the COSMIN checklist
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Hilma Caravau, Ana Filipa Rosa, Nelson P. Rocha, Anabela G. Silva
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous group of non-progressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries originated in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or during the first few years of life. CP is the most common motor disability in childhood [1], with a report prevalence of 2.5 per 1000 live births [2]. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity in all limbs. However, there are other functions that may also be impaired, and a person with CP may also present with mental retardation, deficits in attention and executive functions, as well as, language, memory, visual and hearing impairments [3,4]. Pain is also present in a considerable number of individuals with CP and its prevalence may reach 78% of children and youth and 84% of adults with CP [5], being considered one of the main problems associated with CP [6].