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Sleep Science
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Glenn S. Brassington, Glenn T. Brassington
Polysomnography is a set of physiological recordings taken during sleep. The primary parameters assessed during sleep are as follows: (1) EEG records electrical activity on the scalp associated with neurons in the brain, (2) electrooculography (EOG) records eye movement, (3) electromyography (EMG) records skeletal muscle activity, (4) pneumotachometry records respiratory airflow, and (5) pulse oximetry records the percentage of oxygen in the blood. EEG, EOG, and EMG are used to quantify the stages of sleep, while pneumotachometry and pulse oximetry are used to diagnose disordered breathing.
Smith-Magenis Syndrome—A Developmental Disorder with Circadian Dysfunction
Published in Merlin G. Butler, F. John Meaney, Genetics of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Ann C.M. Smith, Wallace C. Duncan
The EEG sleep studies and wrist actigraphy studies provide more objective measures of sleep than parent reports. Clinical polysomnography can also be used to document primary sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and sleep stage-specific dysfunction within the clinical setting. Actigraphy is more tolerable and, therefore, can be used to estimate the dynamic relationship between behavior and sleep loss over a prolonged (weeks) duration at home. These EEG and actigraphy studies generally corroborate parental reports and show a significantly disrupted sleep pattern in SMS with frequent nocturnal arousals/awakenings and daytime sleepiness (4,5,17,55,71).Furthermore, REM-sleep abnormalities are present in over 60%, with the majority reported to have diminished REM sleep (5,17). Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) findings indicate decreased sleep latency (<10in) in 50% (13/26), indicative of a significant sleep debt in persons with SMS (17). Dinnertime "sleep attacks" (i.e., falling suddenly asleep during evening meal) are prevalent. The dinner sleep attacks may represent a phase advance of the central circadian clock or a dysfunction of the sleep homeostat. Early reports described difficulties in falling asleep at bedtime (5,14), but current studies fail to fully support this finding (55,71).
Sleep research recording methods
Published in Philip N. Murphy, The Routledge International Handbook of Psychobiology, 2018
Polysomnography (commonly abbreviated ‘PSG’, though I’ll use the full spelling herein), roughly translated from its Greek and Latin roots, means ‘many sleep writings’. Polysomnography is set of electrophysiological recordings used to identify sleep stages and sleep-related events. In preparation for a polysomnogram, a participant is instrumented with many non-invasive sensors to record electrical signals emanating to the skin surface from brain activity, eye movements, and muscle tone. These, and observation via camera or window, are the minimum information needed to discriminate when the participant is awake and in each sleep stage. For clinical research, sensors that monitor cardiorespiratory dysfunction and limb movements are additionally used to identify signs of sleep disorders.
‘A study of correlations between sleep recording data and three sleep questionnaires: Epworth, Pittsburgh, Berlin’
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Hugo Benamron, Ari Chaouat, Nicolas Carpentier, Roger Jankowski, Duc Trung Nguyen
Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSA) affects approximately one billion people worldwide with a rate exceeding 50% in some countries [1]. Its prevalence increases almost linearly in adults up to the age of 65 years [2]. In a general population cohort from Lausanne, Switzerland, the prevalence of moderate to severe OSA in 3043 participants was 23.4% in women and 49.7% in men [3]. OSA is an independent risk factor for mortality, mainly of cardiovascular origin [4]. It also increases the risk of car accidents [5]. The early diagnosis of this pathology, therefore, appears to be a goal to be pursued. Polysomnography remains the ‘gold standard’ for the diagnosis of OSA but it is a long examination, performed in a hospital (one or two nights in hospital) in most cases, and requires specific equipment and qualified personnel. Ventilatory polygraphy is also widely used, requiring less equipment and can be performed at the patient’s home. However, it remains less sensitive than polysomnography because it underestimates respiratory events.
Effect of external sleep disturbance on sleep architecture in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
Published in Climacteric, 2023
I. Virtanen, P. Polo-Kantola, U. Turpeinen, E. Hämäläinen, N. Kalleinen
Polysomnography was performed over three consecutive nights from 11 pm to 7 am. The first night was an adaptation night. The second night served as a reference night to the third, the disturbance night, during which blood samples were drawn from an intravenous line via a tube from the adjacent room every 20 min. To ensure stability of the intravenous line, the subject’s arm was loosely attached to the bed, causing continuous external sleep disturbance. For this study, sleep data from the second and third nights were compared. During the sleep phases, only red light was used in the bedroom when needed. The women stayed in the Sleep Research Centre mainly the evenings and nights during the sleep study periods: on the adaption night from 7 pm to 8 am, on the reference night from 7 pm to 1:30 pm and on the sleep disturbance night from 6 pm to 9:30 pm (the ending of the daytime blood collection procedure). The same procedure was repeated at the end of the MHT/placebo treatment period.
Short sleep duration and dementia: a narrative review
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Emily R. Stephens, Ashish Sarangi, Jayasudha Gude
Sleep duration is linked not only to cognitive decline but to many other disorders that may contribute to the development of major NCD. Thus, improving sleep habits may impact the onset of major NCD directly or indirectly by improving related health conditions. Moreover, primary care screening for sleep disorders and early intervention may mitigate the risk of developing major NCD later in life. Polysomnography should be considered more frequently in individuals presenting with sleep issues. Pharmacological interventions (e.g., trazodone) and nonpharmacological interventions (cognitive behavioral therapy) may be useful for early intervention to improve sleep conditions and lower the risk of cognitive decline.21,22 Clinical trials assessing the efficacy of early interventions is warranted. Despite the role of sleep in the development of major NCD and related disease, it remains possible that adverse trends in metabolic and cardiovascular health—known risk factors for cognitive decline—will truncate the effects of improved sleep health in groups with comorbidities.23