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Cortical Visual Loss
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
One group gets lost because they fail to recognize familiar buildings and places. This “landmark agnosia” (336) occurs with right ventral temporo-occipital lesions (337, 338) and can accompany prosopagnosia and achromatopsia (179, 181, 189, 191, 220, 339–341). In at least some cases this disorder may be due to damage to the parahippocampal place area, a region adjacent to the fusiform face area that is activated by seeing buildings and places (342). These subjects cope by reading building signs and street names.
Navigation ability in patients with acquired brain injury: A population-wide online study
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
M. N. A. van der Kuil, J. M. A. Visser-Meily, A. W. M. Evers, I. J. M. van der Ham
Landmarks serve as beacons and reference points in the environment, marking important decision points and allowing navigators to maintain oriented along a route (Chan et al., 2012; Sorrows & Hirtle, 1999). Landmark-based navigation impairments concern a defect in the ability to encode, retrieve or recognize salient objects (e.g., a statue or building) in an environment. The main neural correlates involved in landmark processing are the parahippocampal place area, and the retrosplenial complex and the prefrontal cortex (Epstein, 2008; Janzen & Jansen, 2010). In addition, lesions to the right medial occipito-temporal lobe are often associated with landmark impairments (Epstein et al., 2001; Landis et al., 1986; Mendez & Cherrier, 2003; Takahashi & Kawamura, 2002; van der Ham et al., 2010).
Immersive Virtual Reality and Persons with Dementia: A Literature Review
Published in Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 2020
The realism of a virtual environment is an important part of achieving presence. Objects, people, and buildings all must be to scale, or at least reasonably close enough to allow the brain to accept what is presented as feasible. VR experiences tend to be mostly an audiovisual process, although increasing emphasis is being placed on other senses and physical movement. Human vision is a complex phenomenon involving various parts of the brain, with the obvious inclusion of the brain’s visual center, the occipital lobe. Along the visual pathway is the parahippocampal place area (PPA), a portion of the brain that is involved in the recognition of places and environmental scenery, including the natural (beaches, mountains, fields), cityscapes, houses (and the rooms within), and so on, even occurring in virtual environments (Köhler, Crane, & Milner, 2002; Maguire, Frith, Burgess, Donnet, & O’Keefe, 1998). The hippocampus, too, an important center in the creation of memories, including wayfinding in new environments, is heavily involved (Köhler et al., 2002).
Developmental prosopagnosia with concurrent topographical difficulties: A case report and virtual reality training programme
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2019
Sarah Bate, Amanda Adams, Rachel Bennetts, Hannah Line
Such an investigation would also be of particular value given that topographical disorientation deficits following brain injury appear to have a broad range of underpinnings, where various taxonomies have identified difficulties in landmark and scene recognition, as well as in the processing of spatial relationships or the formation and retrieval of cognitive maps (e.g., Aguirre & D’Esposito, 1999; Arnold et al., 2013; De Renzi, 1982; Liu et al., 2011). This variability in acquired cases is unsurprising given the widespread nature of brain lesions: landmark agnosia has been associated with damage to right ventral temporo-occipital cortex (McCarthy, Evans, & Hodges, 1996; Pai, 1997), scene categorisation with the transverse occipital sulcus (Bettencourt & Xu, 2013; Dilks, Julian, Paunov, & Kanwisher, 2013), and both processes to the parahippocampal place area (Epstein, Harris, Stanley, & Kanwisher, 1999; O’Craven & Kanwisher, 2000). Cognitive map formation has been linked to both the right and left hippocampi and the retrosplenial cortex (Iaria, Chen, Guariglia, Ptito, & Petrides, 2007).