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Paper 2
Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020
Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw
Band heterotropia is a diffuse form of grey matter heterotopia almost exclusively affecting females. It is associated with seizures and developmental delay. On imaging, this condition is characterised by a band of grey matter located deep to and roughly paralleling the cortex.
Spine
Published in Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott, Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott
The grey matter is H-shaped and contains cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons, as well as neuroglial cells and unmyelinated axons. The white matter consists of bundles of myelinated axons which form the various ascending and descending tracts (Figure 4.4).
Spinal CordAnatomical and Physiological Features
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The spinal cord is divided into two regions, the white matter and the grey matter. The centre of the cord contains the ‘H’-shaped grey matter, surrounded by the white matter (Figure 7.1). The white matter around the grey matter contains the ascending and descending tracts (pathways). The grey matter contains the unmyelinated nerve fibres and the cell bodies of the interneurons and motor neurons. It can be subdivided into the dorsal horn, which is associated with sensory perception, and the ventral horn, which is associated with motor functions such reflex movements.
Regional brain morphology of the primary somatosensory cortex correlates with spicy food consumption and capsaicin sensitivity
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Pengfei Han, Tao Su, Hong Chen, Thomas Hummel
The primary objective of the current study was to investigate whether habitual spicy food consumption relates to brain anatomical features. Using magnetic resonance imaging we applied voxel-based morphometry which is a relatively straightforward method that quantifies the amount of gray matter per voxel, to the brain anatomical images acquired. We adopted a modified 3-item spicy food consumption questionnaire that covers (1) the spicy eating frequency, (2) the preferred degree of food spiciness and (3) the duration of spicy dietary habits [12], which gives a comprehensive picture of spicy food consumption matrices [14]. We hypothesized that habitual spicy food intake is related to decreased capsaicin sensitivity and intensity perception. On the anatomical level, habitual spicy food intake was expected to relate to an increased GMV of the brain regions representing the oral cavity, mainly the primary somatosensory cortex. Further, as the same central pathway is involved in the processing of both oral and intranasal trigeminal stimuli [15–17], and spicy food consumption is accompanied by intranasal exposure to pungent volatiles (e.g. allyl isothiocyanate from mustard and wasabi, gingerol from ginger). The study also assessed the intranasal trigeminal perception to explore whether habitual spicy dietary behavior is also associated with changes in intranasal trigeminal perception.
Effect of axonal fiber architecture on mechanical heterogeneity of the white matter—a statistical micromechanical model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Hesam Hoursan, Farzam Farahmand, Mohammad Taghi Ahmadian
Human brain white matter consists of axonal bundles which connect nerve cell bodies mostly located in the grey matter. A sudden inertial loading on the head can cause Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) of white matter, which involves axonal damage in a variety of modes. Among the failure modes of axons, rapid stretching of neural tracts, leading to the impairment of axoplasmic transport and subsequent swelling and neuropathologic problems, has been reported to be the prevailing failure mode (McKenzie et al. 1996; Smith and Meaney 2000; Di Pietro 2013). DAI tends to occur in three anatomical regions of white matter, known as the “injury triad”: the lobar white matter (including corona radiata), the corpus callosum, and the dorsolateral quadrant of the rostal brainstem, adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle (Tsao 2012).
Editorial 4
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2021
Amidfar et al. reviewed grey matter volume abnormalities in the first depressive episode of medication-naïve adult individuals. For this purpose, a thorough search of the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar was conducted. 845 medication-naïve adults in their first depressive episode were contrasted against 940 healthy controls on their grey matter volumes, comprising a total of 21 voxel-based morphometric (VBM) studies. Findings indicate both, reduced and increased grey matter volumes. Amongst other regions, increases in volume were found in the orbitofrontal and prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus and cingulate cortex. Reductions in grey matter volume are apparent in regions such as the postcentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, insula, precuneus and amygdala. These results suggest that even the first instances of depressive episodes are accompanied by structural brain abnormalities.