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Deaths Due to Asphyxiant Gases
Published in Sudhir K. Gupta, Forensic Pathology of Asphyxial Deaths, 2022
Computed tomography: Earliest changes in brain to be detectable in CT scan appeared after few days of exposure with the increased duration finding on the CT scan become more evident. So serial CT scanning may be a better guide for diagnosis of CO poisoning. The severity of the white matter change appears to provide the best clue to prognosis. The following are the CT scan finding: Ventricular dilationLow density in globus pallidusDiffuse low density in periventricular white matterWidening of sulci20Bilateral globus pallidus calcificationsHemorrhage at thalamus and basal ganglia21
Disorders of Keratinization and Other Genodermatoses
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Roselyn Stanger, Nanette Silverberg
Laboratory studies: Laboratory studies appropriate to vitiligo patients, including complete blood count with differential, thyroid studies, and 25 OH vitamin D levels, are recommended. Histopathologic study would be consistent with vitiligo in the skin. Other studies may include ophthalmologic examination, audiology examination, and neurology referrals and evaluations. CT/MRI can delineate some changes in the white matter.
Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
James A. Mastrianni, Elizabeth A. Harris
Other putative risk factors include: Hypertension (60% of patients).Smoking (35%).Diabetes (20%).Hyperlipidemia (20%).Obesity.Peripheral arterial disease.Coronary artery disease.Atrial fibrillation.Chronic kidney disease.Alcohol abuse.Family history (CADASIL).Brain white matter lesions.
Effect of axonal fiber architecture on mechanical heterogeneity of the white matter—a statistical micromechanical model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Hesam Hoursan, Farzam Farahmand, Mohammad Taghi Ahmadian
Human brain white matter consists of axonal bundles which connect nerve cell bodies mostly located in the grey matter. A sudden inertial loading on the head can cause Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) of white matter, which involves axonal damage in a variety of modes. Among the failure modes of axons, rapid stretching of neural tracts, leading to the impairment of axoplasmic transport and subsequent swelling and neuropathologic problems, has been reported to be the prevailing failure mode (McKenzie et al. 1996; Smith and Meaney 2000; Di Pietro 2013). DAI tends to occur in three anatomical regions of white matter, known as the “injury triad”: the lobar white matter (including corona radiata), the corpus callosum, and the dorsolateral quadrant of the rostal brainstem, adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle (Tsao 2012).
Processing speed as a marker to stimulant effect in clinical sample of children with high functioning autism spectrum disorder
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2020
Julia Peled, Hanoch Cassuto, Itai Berger
The ability to process implicit social cues and filter essential signals from a complex array of stimuli requires fast-paced integration of sensory input. Clinically, individuals with ASD often demonstrate the need for increased time to process information and perform tasks, which appears to contribute to their functioning in daily life [27]. Slower PS may be related to core ASD features and educational and occupational prospects [27]. It was found previously that altered axonal microstructural white matter deficits in young adults with high functioning autism are associated with reduced processing speed compared to typical developed controls [17,27]. These findings strongly support and characterize white matter deficits directly affecting core symptoms in ASD. In the current study, we hypothesized that focus on PS parameter as a marker that can measure response to stimulant therapy might be of benefit. Following previous studies, our results showed that PS was the greatest area of relative and normative weakness in the ASD and ADHD group [27,28]. Most studies investigating PS in ASD have compared ASD versus typical developed groups of children/adults describing PS as an area of difference between the groups [27–30]. In other studies, they described a similar pattern of lower scores on the PS for both ADHD and ASD groups [18,28,31]. But, response to medications was not examined in these studies.
Tailoring synthetic polymeric biomaterials towards nerve tissue engineering: a review
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Hamed Amani, Hanif Kazerooni, Hossein Hassanpoor, Abolfazl Akbarzadeh, Hamidreza Pazoki-Toroudi
The spinal cord structure is simpler relative to the brain but it is more vulnerable in trauma [28]. Although the spinal cord is protected by several structures including cerebrospinal fluid, three meningeal layers, and vertebrae relative to extending peripheral nerves, a growing list and high incidence of SCI cases have been reported around the world in recent years (between 12,000–15,000 people in North America each year) [29]. Generally, the spinal cord is formed from grey matter (butterfly-shaped area) that is surrounded by white matter. The grey matter includes lower motor neurons (a receipt of signals from upper motor neurons in the brain), sensory neurons (a receipt of signals from the periphery), glial cells and blood vessels. The axons and glial cells such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are the main components of the white matter in the spinal cord.