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Neural Networks for Medical Image Computing
Published in K. Gayathri Devi, Kishore Balasubramanian, Le Anh Ngoc, Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Medical Science, 2022
V.A. Pravina, P.K. Poonguzhali, A Kishore Kumar
The neural network functions similarly to the network model of the human brain. The comparison of Biological Neural Network and Artificial Neural Network is shown in Table 4.1. In the biological cell, the neuron performs the function of processing information. It has wires like structures through which the neurons transmit and receive information. There are huge numbers of neurons with numerous interconnections. The biological neurons are comprised of soma, dendrites, synapses, and axon. The dendrites are those wire-like structures that receive information from various neurons that are present in a network. The soma receives the information from dendrites and passes it to the axon. The nerve fiber through which electrical signals travel from one neuron to another is called as axon. Synapses are small gaps that transmit signal between the neurons. It connects the axons to the dendrites. The neuron processes the information based on the architecture of the network.
Neuronal Function
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Neurons are diverse in shape and size. A typical neuron has a cell body (or soma) with fibre-like processes called dendrites and axons emerging from it. The dendrites are branches that leave the cell body and receive information from adjoining neurons. The dendrites have knob-like extensions called dendritic spines. The cell body has an extensive system of rough endoplasmic reticulum containing basophilic granules (Nissl substance), which synthesize proteins. The dendritic spines, dendrites and soma receive information from other cells.
Viscerotopic Representation of the Alimentary Tract in the Dorsal and Ventral Vagal Complexes in the Rat
Published in Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes, Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
S.M. Altschuler, L. Rinaman, R.R. Miselis
Electron-dense label in the NTS was located in dendrites, axons and axon terminals. Labeled terminals exhibited a homogeneously dense axoplasm containing dark mitochondria, lucent spherical vesicles averaging 40 nm in diameter, and occasional dense core vesicles of larger caliber. Large labeled dendrites were commonly observed entering the NTS from the underlying DMN. The diameters of labeled dendrites in the NTS ranged from 200 nm to 4 μm, their average size decreasing with increasing distance from the DMN. In many instances, labeled dendrites possessed spinous processes. In the NTS, medial to and below the NTSgel, labeled dendrites were frequently sectioned in the longitudinal plane. Individual dendrites in these areas received numerous synaptic contacts from a variety of terminal types. Although labeled terminals were present in these areas, those that formed synapses were always presynaptic to unlabeled dendrites and spines.
Immunopathology of COVID-19 and its implications in the development of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis: a major review
Published in Orbit, 2022
Tarjani Vivek Dave, Akshay Gopinathan Nair, Joveeta Joseph, Suzanne K Freitag
Platelets are one of the key cells in the innate immune response. While their primary role is in hemostasis, another important role is in the immune response against pathogens, by inhibiting their dissemination through the circulation, which could increase the severity of infection.46 Platelets help in fighting microbes by producing antimicrobial peptides such as platelet factor 4.47 Typical hematologic features of COVID-19 include thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and neutrophilia.48 NK cells modulate the immune response that is mounted when a pathogen is encountered. There is a reduction in the number of NK cells and blunting of the effector functions of NK cells in COVID-19.46 This results in a decrease in the clearance of infected and activated cells and also results in an unabated elevation of toxic inflammatory markers.46 Previous literature has clearly shown that SARS-CoV can cause infection of the dendritic cells (DC). This can lead to an upregulation of inflammatory chemokines following a very poor antiviral cytokine expression.49,50 Dendritic cells play a prime role in specific T-cell responses, cytokine production, and antigen presentation.49 In patients with COVID-19, a loss of DC function could lead to delayed response of the immune system.
Rab11-mediated recycling endosome role in nervous system development and neurodegenerative diseases
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Jiajia Zhang, Gang Su, Qionghui Wu, Jifei Liu, Ye Tian, Xiaoyan Liu, Juanping Zhou, Juan Gao, Wei Chen, Deyi Chen, Zhenchang Zhang
Dendrites are the main structure of receiving information in neurons. The complexity of dendrites affects the connectivity of neurons, which is essential for the maintenance of normal brain function [38]. Rab11 plays an important role in promoting dendritic arborization through endosome recycling [18, 19]. As we all known, BDNF and its TrkB receptor are extracellular signaling molecules that can induce dendritic branches [20, 21]. BDNF enhanced the activity of Rab11 and induced the aggregation of vesicles carrying Rab11 and TrkB receptors in dendrites, which increased the sensitivity of BDNF and promoted dendritic branches [21–23]. In addition, it has been reported that the stage of TrkB receptors localized to Rab11-positive endosomes is regulated by Rab11-interacting protein (FIP3) [24]. Intriguingly, Slit- and NTRK-like family5(Slitrks5) acting as a TrkB co-receptor facilitates Rab11-FIP3 recruitment of TrkB receptors to Rab11 compartments [39].
Age and sex-mediated differences in six-month outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury in young adults: a TRACK-TBI study
Published in Neurological Research, 2019
John K. Yue, Harvey S. Levin, Catherine G. Suen, Molly Rose Morrissey, Sarah J. Runyon, Ethan A. Winkler, Ross C. Puffer, Hansen Deng, Caitlin K. Robinson, Jonathan W. Rick, Ryan R. L. Phelps, Sourabh Sharma, Sabrina R. Taylor, Mary J. Vassar, Maryse C. Cnossen, Hester F. Lingsma, Raquel C. Gardner, Nancy R. Temkin, Jason Barber, Sureyya S. Dikmen, Esther L. Yuh, Pratik Mukherjee, Murray B. Stein, Tene A. Cage, Alex B. Valadka, David O. Okonkwo, Geoffrey T. Manley
Rewiring consists of dendritic pruning which abolishes unused synapses, and myelination which increases the speed of impulse conduction across region-specific neurocircuitry and optimizes information communication in the central nervous system. This process is not complete in the prefrontal cortex until at least age 25 years according to well-established studies [14,69,70]. As the prefrontal cortex is responsible for cognitive analysis and abstract thought, it is unsurprising that nonverbal cognition scores were nearly 12 percentile points higher in the 30-39y group. Additionally, while cortical gray matter volumes stabilize and begin to reduce in adulthood, white matter volume has been shown to increase in a generally linear manner throughout adolescence, peaking in one’s 40s or 50s [19].