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Making meaning together: the realization of value
Published in Anthony Korner, Communicative Exchange, Psychotherapy and the Resonant Self, 2020
For the CM there are two systems of consciousness: the system of self and that of trauma. Nuanced feeling supports complexity, creativity and the growth of self. For self, feeling is firstly an intrinsic value system, with defensive manifestations having value in relation to survival. The orienting response involves evaluation, allowing the individual freedom to deploy attentional resources where there is a sense of safety. The “giving of attention” amounts to focussing or shedding light on the environment, in a manner that permits exploration and growth of consciousness (Edelman & Tononi, 2000) and hence self. More complex forms of feeling emerge. When defensive physiological systems do come into play there is a constricted focus of attention, with diversion of metabolic resources away from the central nervous system (Porges, 2011) and a shift to self-protection, often associated with traumatic experience: either mobilization of the “fight-flight” response (sympathetic nervous system) associated with high arousal, or the “shutdown” response (freezing, death-feigning, dissociating) associated with hypo-arousal or hypo-metabolism (ibid.).
Psychology and Human Development EMIs
Published in Michael Reilly, Bangaru Raju, Extended Matching Items for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Classical conditioning.Consequent operation.Establishing operation.Instrumental conditioning.Learned helplessness.Operant conditioning.Orienting response.Shaping.Signalling operation.Stimulus presentation operation.
Activity, Social Role Retention, and the Multiply Disabled Aged
Published in Diane Gibson, Evaluation and Treatment of the Psychogeriatric Patient, 2013
Therapists and caregivers find that the individual either actively resists or is at best uncooperative in efforts to provide required maximal assistance in grooming, bathing, and feeding. The individual may need to be fed or allowed to eat with the fingers. Walking and transfers from bed to wheelchair may be achieved with physical guidance. An orienting response can be elicited by familiar gustatory and olfactory stimuli (e.g., favorite foods and spices, fragrant plants, hand lotion, after-shave), gentle touch, massage, or a family pet (Allen, 1985; Allen, 1988; Levy, 1986; Levy, 1987).
Habitual use of psychological coping strategies is associated with physiological stress responding during negative memory recollection in humans
Published in Stress, 2022
As u-shaped SCL trajectories may indicate an engagement response; those higher in coping tendencies may require less engagement. SNS responding can become habituated (Zimmer, 2006). The engagement response is strongest upon the presentation of a novel stimulus and weakens following repeated exposures. Coping may serve to habituate persons to the recall and sharing of negative autobiographical events. For example, persons who engage in greater coping may have discussed the event multiple times with others (e.g. emotional support coping) or have repeatedly distracted themselves from the event (self-distraction coping), reducing the novelty of recalling the event. Unfortunately, we are not aware of any research on SCL trajectories following repeated exposures to stressors rather than perceptual stimuli. Experimental research manipulating novelty and habituation to a stressor would be extremely valuable for understanding whether the orienting response is occurring and is related to coping abilities.
tDCS effects on task-related activation and working memory performance in traumatic brain injury: A within group randomized controlled trial
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2021
Jacqueline A. Rushby, Frances M. De Blasio, Jodie A. Logan, Travis Wearne, Emma Kornfeld, Emily Jane Wilson, Colleen Loo, Donel Martin, Skye McDonald
While this is a useful construct to consider, there is an important distinction to be made between the level of arousal and the extent to which arousal changes when faced with a task, i.e., task-activated arousal (Barry, Clarke, McCarthy, Selikowitz, & Rushby, 2005). Both alpha power and skin conductance level (SCL) are considered reliable psychophysiological measures that differentiate these energetic states. Using SCL, in particular, it has been demonstrated that while the orienting response is higher when the participant’s state arousal level is higher, actual task performance is more strongly related to the extent that arousal increases during the task (cf. baseline). For example, on a continuous performance task (CPT) it has been repeatedly demonstrated that participants with greater task activated arousal demonstrated shorter reaction-times (RTs) and greater accuracy (VaezMousavi, Barry, Rushby, & Clarke, 2007a, 2007b). The effect of tDCS on task-related activation is unknown.
Post-conviction polygraph testing of sex offenders
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2019
Don Grubin, Maxim Kamenskov, R. Gregg Dwyer, Tim Stephenson
The polygraph records physiological reactions to questions asked while an individual is attached to the polygraph instrument, but it does not detect lies. These reactions are not unique to deception, nor are they always associated with it: a specific ‘lie response’ has never been demonstrated, and is unlikely to exist. Although the mode of action of polygraphy has yet to be ascertained, it is widely believed to relate to the ‘orienting response’, a reflex reaction to a novel or personally significant stimulus that results in autonomic nervous system activity in preparation for possible adaptive behaviour (Barry, 1990; Palmatier & Rovner, 2015). A detailed discussion of the orienting response and its role in polygraphy is beyond the scope of this paper (but will be reviewed in Grubin & Krapohl, in preparation). Although an over-simplification, the theory is that lying to a question is associated with greater salience and cognitive work than telling the truth. The aim of the polygraph examiner is to ensure that the observed response is indeed due to deception rather than some other cause of autonomic arousal.