China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Caffeine and arousal: a biobehavioral theory of physiological, behavioral, and emotional effects
Published in B.S. Gupta, Uma Gupta, Caffeine and Behavior, 2020
Barry D. Smith, Kenneth Tola, Mark Mann
A more common and salient, though more subtle, basis for on-the-job consumption may be boredom. For some people, work is perceived as boring, and boredom is, in part, a function of habituation. The habituation process takes place when there are multiple repetitions of the same stimulus complex or a continuation of that complex over time.182 Habituation is basically a process of physiological and psychological adaptation to stimuli that cease to yield new information.182 While it is an adaptive mechanism, in that it moves noninformative stimuli into the background and permits active attention to focus on new information, it can also have negative effects. In particular, subjects who become highly habituated or overhabituated experience psychological discomfort, fatigue, and boredom.12 Caffeine can partially offset these detrimental effects of repeated stimulation by slowing the rate at which habituation occurs and smoothing the process.13 Thus, workers may consume the drug not only to increase alertness, but also to slow and smooth habituation.183
Evolution, Natural Selection, and Behavior
Published in Gail S. Anderson, Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior, 2019
Habituation is a very simple type of learning that involves a loss of responsiveness to unimportant stimuli. There are many examples; gray squirrels react to alarm calls by members of their group, but they will stop reacting if these calls are not followed up by an actual attack—it is just like the old “cry wolf” story.1
Review of brain imaging in anorexia and bulimia nervosa
Published in Stephen Wonderlich, James E Mitchell, Martina de Zwaan, Howard Steiger, Annual Review of Eating Disorders Part 2 – 2006, 2018
Walter H Kaye, Angela Wagner, Guido Frank, Ursula F Bailer
Wagner further developed the paradigm to assess habituation effects to repeated taste experiences. For this purpose 10% sucrose solution and distilled water were either administered repeatedly and sequentially or pseudo-randomly alternated to 11 healthy female subjects while undergoing fMRI (Wagner et al. 2004). To test habituation, activation during the first half of each block was compared to activation during the second half of each block. Regions of interest (ROI) included the insula, OFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and amygdala. For the pseudo-random blocks, subjects showed habituation to water in all ROIs, but no ROI showed habituation to sucrose. However, for sequential blocks, both water and sucrose showed habituation for all ROIs. These data suggest that habituation patterns in healthy subjects may be related to methods of stimulus administration.
Auditory brainstem responses obtained with randomised stimulation level
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2023
Marta Martinez, Joaquin T. Valderrama, Isaac M. Alvarez, Angel de la Torre, Jose L. Vargas
The present study also evaluated the hearing comfort of the proposed stimulation strategy. Hearing comfort is a critical variable for the success of the test session, particularly in newborns and infants, since hearing discomfort may prevent them from remaining quiet and still during the test (Diefendorf, 2014). In most instances, the auditory stimulus is found unpleasant when abrupt changes of sound are presented (e.g. the sudden presentation of a high sound level; Pitchforth, 2010); however, the continuous presentation of a particular auditory stimulus pattern is easier to inhibit due to two mechanisms: (i) neural adaptation – a decrease in the activity pattern when a continuous stimulus is presented (Thornton and Coleman, 1975; Gillespie and Muller, 2009); and (ii) habituation – a cognitive process associated with selective attention which enables filtering out non-essential stimuli by decreasing the response to a stimulus after prolonged presentations of that stimulus (Rankin et al., 2009; Thompson, 2009). Since the proposed stimulus paradigm consists of a stimulus pattern repeated all along the test session, we predicted that this auditory stimulus would be easier to inhibit, and that the general population would report higher levels of hearing comfort. Furthermore, we also anticipated that due to the adaptation and habituation mechanisms described in the literature, RSL and the conventional paradigm would elicit auditory evoked potentials of different morphology.
“The more I do, the more I can do”: perspectives on how performing daily activities and occupations influences recovery after surgical repair of a distal radius fracture
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Julie M. Collis, Elizabeth C. Mayland, Valerie Wright-St Clair, Nada Signal
We observed that activity performance appeared to positively influence wrist movement through habituation. Habituation, a form of neuroplasticity, is a decreasing response to a repeated benign stimulus, whereby people can progressively filter out attention to irrelevant stimuli [36,37]. In our study, this appeared to occur through repetition. Participants frequently experienced initial movement as unpleasant, but repetition of a task or activity resulted in a reduction of unpleasant sensations and a normalisation of wrist movement. Habituation through occupation may work similarly to graded exposure where the incremental introduction of noxious stimuli reduces hypersensitivity or pain response [35,38]. Other actions of occupation may be through diversion from pain [8,39] or the greater efficiency of functional task performance versus exercise routines in promoting motor learning [40–42]. Educating patients that repetition of activity will lead to normalised wrist movement may help patients overcome the hurdle of initially unpleasant movement.
Human cold habituation: Physiology, timeline, and modifiers
Published in Temperature, 2022
Beau R. Yurkevicius, Billie K. Alba, Afton D. Seeley, John W. Castellani
The following are definitions of the general terms used in this review, as defined by the International Union of Physiological Sciences [9]. The term adaptation is used to describe “changes that reduce the physiological strain produced by stressful components of the total environment”. The terms acclimation and acclimatization are often used interchangeably to refer to any adaptive change which occurs due to prolonged or repeated exposure to a stressful environment, and which reduces the strain or enhances endurance of strain in that environment. The terms differ slightly in that acclimation refers to experimentally driven or lab-based exposures, while acclimatization refers to natural exposures due to climate, season, or location. Habituation is defined as a “reduction of responses to or perception of a repeated stimulation.” In the context of this review, adaptation will be used as a general term, acclimation and acclimatization will be used to differentiate exposure type within the profiled studies, and habituation will be used to describe a reduction in the typical responses observed during acute cold exposures.