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Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Respiration contributes to the total heat exchange between the body and the environment by the evaporation of humid air and by convective heat loss through the breathing cycle. Insensible perspiration is the process of a small, but continuous evaporative heat loss via the skin and the respiratory tract. At the skin, this loss is due to a diffusion of water vapor, which can easily be detected by weighing the body (Houdas and Ring, 1982). The predominant source of water content in the skin is sweat production, mainly produced as a thermoregulatory response, but also elicited by various pathologies leading to generalized, regional, or focal hyperhidrosis (Ammer and Ring, 2019). While the water content of the skin due to insensible perspiration provides the basic condition of skin conductivity for direct (galvanic) current, psychogenic sweating contributes to the variation of galvanic skin response (GSR). The periodic blood pressure waves of the arterial pulse are associated with skin temperature alterations. The temperature associated with perfusion is best seen at re-perfusion when external occlusion is released. Autonomic control of microcirculation may be detected in thermal images of the face. This approach attracted recently large interest in psychophysiology (Ioannou et al., 2014), particularly, for the evaluation of emotions (Clay-Warner & Robinson, 2015).
Biofeedback, Relaxation Training, and Cognitive Behavior Modification
Published in Kevin W. Olden, Handbook of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2020
Ann L. Davidoff, William E. Whitehead
Only one study on the behavioral treatment of aerophagia in individuals with normal intelligence is known to us. The investigators (77) randomly assigned 12 patients with hiatal hernia, who had previously been shown to swallow excessively, to one of two behavioral treatment regimes. Half the patients were taught general relaxation skills using galvanic skin response (GSR) biofeedback; the remaining half were trained to decrease swallowing frequency using auditory biofeedback (a microphone applied to the neck transduced auditory signals). Patients in both groups were instructed to practice twice daily at home following three training sessions. Patients in the auditory biofeedback group were significantly more successful than those in the GSR biofeedback group at reducing their swallowing rate; likewise, a significantly higher proportion of the auditory biofeedback treatment group reported improvement of their GI symptoms as compared to the others. Although the sample size in this study was too small to adequately assess the clinical value of the technique, the results suggest that simple, noninvasive biofeedback techniques may be useful in the management of aerophagia in individuals with normal intelligence. Case reports on behavior-modification treatments of aerophagia in retarded individuals have shown inconsistent results (78-80).
Biofeedback
Published in Hilary McClafferty, Mind–Body Medicine in Clinical Practice, 2018
This type of biofeedback measures electrical conductance of the skin and can reflect levels of stress and anxiety. For example, when a person is experiencing stress, sweat gland activity may increase, which increases electrical conductivity. This is also called galvanic skin response—the same type of biofeedback typically used in lie detectors (Strofer et al. 2015).
Non-pharmacological treatments for pediatric refractory epilepsies
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Eleonora Rotondo, Antonella Riva, Alessandro Graziosi, Noemi Pellegrino, Caterina Di Battista, Vincenzo Di Stefano, Pasquale Striano
The use of neurofeedback in the pediatric population has been primarily studied in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and no RCTs have been conducted in pediatric epileptic populations. Current evidence suggests that neurofeedback could be effective in the treatment of pediatric epilepsy, but more studies are needed [97]. Of note, promising results have been observed using skin conductance biofeedback, also known as Galvanic skin response (GSR) biofeedback, which aims to reduce the cortical excitability by increasing the level of peripheral sympathetic arousal [98]. In this case, patients are trained to get positive visual feedback with lights and images on a screen after producing the 12–14 Hz activity [75]; this training seems to reduce the cortical excitability through the modulation of the thalamocortical sensory flow and the activity of the ventromedial pre-frontal/ orbitofrontal cortexes, both functionally impaired in patients with epilepsy [95]. However, this procedure requires nearly 30 minutes of training, multiple sessions a week for at least 3 months, and good skills of cooperation and concentration; hence, it is considered impractical for children who are too young or may have cognitive impairments [75]. A recent systematic review has highlighted the potential value of the GSR biofeedback therapy, but it has concluded that larger-scale studies are required to definitively establish its utility [95].
Physiological Monitoring to Enhance Clinical Hypnosis and Psychotherapy
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2020
Electrodermal activity is the ambient electrical activity in the skin. An electrodermograph measures skin electrical activity directly (skin conductance and skin potential) and indirectly (skin resistance) using electrodes placed over the digits or hand and wrist (Shaffer et al., 2019). The biofeedback modality measuring electrodermal activity has historically been labeled as the galvanic skin response (GSR), skin conductance and skin potential (SC and SP), and electrodermography (EDR). In monitoring electrodermal activity using GSR and SC, the biofeedback device applies a low-level electrical current to one site on the skin and measures how easily it travels through the skin to a second electrode. SP detects the voltage difference between sweat glands and internal tissues.
Dog Phobia Intervention: A Case Study in Improvement of Physiological and Behavioral Symptoms in A Child with Intellectual Disability
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2020
Kristen Dovgan, Casey J. Clay, Savannah A. Tate
The intervention goal was to increase tolerance for and exposure to a dog and to eliminate elopement in the presence of a dog while improving emotional self-regulation skills. The behavioral dependent variables were elopement and compliance with goals. Elopement was operationally defined as any instance when Amal traveled through a door or pulled on a door handle without permission. Compliance with goals was defined as the participant independently following the goal instruction (i.e., without the use of hand-over-hand prompt). The trained intervention implementers placed goals as demands, and Amal had to comply with the demand to access reinforcement; therefore, various target behaviors served as components of compliance. The physiological dependent variables were galvanic skin response, heart rate variability, and peripheral skin temperature.