China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Neuroendocrine Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
A brief description of how the autonomic nervous system functions to provide a relatively fast-acting feedback loop in the control of homeostasis is discussed in this section. The sympathetic nervous system, in particular, is an important system regulator, including organ systems such as the lungs and heart, various tissues such as the peripheral vasculature, and various metabolic processes. Catecholamines are examples of a major group of neurotransmitters having hormone regulatory activity. Primary catecholamines are epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NEPI), which are secreted by the majority of postganglionic sympathetic fibers and have profound effects on a number of tissues. Dopamine is an important third naturally occurring catecholamine found predominately in the basal ganglia of the brain.
Hypertension
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Matthew Petersen, Steven Brady, Eileen M. Handberg, Monica Aggarwal
Stress is detrimental to overall physical health and is becoming an increasingly identified contributor to the development of hypertension. Stress stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to secrete large amounts of catecholamines, such as epinephrine, which cause systemic vasoconstriction and subsequently elevated BP (Kulkarni et al., 1998). We typically think of the sympathetic nervous system as the primary driver of the “fight or flight” response. Alternatively, the parasympathetic nervous system, primarily responsible for the body’s “rest and digest” functions, offsets the sympathetic nervous system by reducing levels of circulating catecholamines. With chronic stress, the human body is heavily shifted toward a sympathetic-predominant state, and over time this leads to chronically elevated levels of catecholamines and subsequently elevated BP (Aggarwal et al., 2017). Several techniques can reduce stress and allow the body to shift its autonomic balance in favor of the “rest and digest” phase.
Anxiety
Published in Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau, Beyond Menopause, 2023
Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau
A variety of practical tools and techniques are available to help you manage anxiety. We see these tools and techniques as nourishment for aligning your body and mind toward living a more peaceful and present-focused life. The World Health Organization’s 2020 publication Doing What Matters in Times of Stress: An Illustrated Guide offers pragmatic tips and techniques for dealing with everyday stress.4 For example, mindfulness and breath-based techniques are designed to reduce reactivity of the sympathetic nervous system to bring about a calmer, more relaxed state.
Current understanding of the etiology of cyclic vomiting syndrome and therapeutic strategies in its management
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Rosita Frazier, Thangam Venkatesan
Several studies in both children and adults have demonstrated evidence of sympathetic nervous system dysregulation. In a prospective study of autonomic function in CVS, 35% showed evidence of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and 85% showed evidence of sudomotor dysfunction with an abnormal thermoregulatory sweat test compared to controls [33]. Several studies in children also showed similar findings [14,34,35]. These have important implications in the management of CVS, and newer modalities of treatment have now emerged which include vagal neuromodulation with percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation (PENFS) [36]. This has been shown to improve symptoms by modulating vagal function in patients with pediatric functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including those with CVS [37]. Further, it has been shown that neuromodulation benefits a subset of patients who have poor vagal efficiency vs those with normal vagal function [38]. Hence, measurement of vagal efficiency can help tailor therapy and lead to selection of patients who are likely to benefit from such therapies.
Mechanistic links between systemic hypertension and open angle glaucoma
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Ying-kun Cui, Li Pan, Tim Lam, Chun-yi Wen, Chi-wai Do
Despite the fact that there is only a small but significant positive relationship between blood pressure and intraocular pressure observed clinically, the mechanisms responsible for the positive link between blood pressure and intraocular pressure have been studied extensively.18,36,37 There are several hypotheses to account for the positive relationship between blood pressure and intraocular pressure. First, it could be attributable to increased systemic sympathetic activity. Excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system has been implicated as a primary precursor of hypertension.46 Stimulation of cervical sympathetic ganglions has been reported to reduce the cross-sectional area of Schlemm’s canal and increase the outflow resistance and intraocular pressure in rats.47
Effects of psychosocial stress on prosociality: the moderating role of current life stress and thought control
Published in Stress, 2022
Lisa Hensel, Nicolas Rohleder, Cornelia Niessen
This study examined whether and when acute stress responses impact prosociality. We considered a broad range of responses to stressors in the laboratory and in daily life, such as subjective stress responses (negative affect), heart rate and alpha-amylase as indicators of an activated sympathetic nervous system, and cortisol as indicator of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. The sympathetic nervous system is the initial response to stress and rapidly promotes physiological changes, some time later, the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis follows in response to signals of the sympathetic nervous system (Everly & Lating, 2019). Contrary to our hypothesis, acute stress responses (e.g., negative affect, alpha-amylase, cortisol) were positively rather than negatively related to prosociality, but in the case of salivary cortisol, only when individuals’ general stress level was low. Additionally, our research indicated that applying a thought control strategy resulted in weaker stress responses (negative affect) compared to participants in the control group. Thought control ability had no impact on acute stress responses and prosociality.