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Mind
Published in Lisa Zammit, Georgeanne Schopp, Relational Care, 2022
Lisa Zammit, Georgeanne Schopp
The orbitofrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex regulate human emotion and social behavior. In other words, large areas of brain are involved in the analysis of data and the emotional response to that process. The Mind is more complex than brain function alone.
The Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell: Accumbal Compartments and Their Functional Attributes
Published in Peter W. Kalivas, Charles D. Barnes, Limbic Motor Circuits and Neuropsychiatry, 2019
Ariel Y. Deutch, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Daniel S. Zahm
The entire cortical mantle projects in a topographically defined manner onto the striatum.92 Ventral striatal targets, including the NAS, receive cortical inputs from a variety of association cortices, including the prefrontal cortex. There is a topographical organization of projections originating from within the different cytoarchitectonic fields of the medial prefrontal cortex142,143 onto the ventral striatum. In particular, the NAS receives afferents from the more ventral aspects of the medial parts of the frontal cortex (PFC) and from the agranular insular (sulcal) cortex.
Decision-Making Dysfunctions in Addiction
Published in Hanna Pickard, Serge H. Ahmed, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Science of Addiction, 2019
In regard to neuroanatomical substrates, there is remarkable consistency in the link between decision-making deficits and alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex. Medial orbitofrontal cortex alterations have been associated with blunted affective tagging of non-drug related rewards (e.g., social rewards) and lateral orbitofrontal cortex alterations with differential coding of gains and losses in risk-taking tasks. A broader circuitry involving the medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, the insula, and thalamic and brain stem regions implicated in core emotional processes have also shown to impact social-related decisions. Interestingly, at least part of the link between orbitofrontal dysfunction and alcohol/drug use is accounted for by genetic factors. Therefore, premorbid factors (e.g., genes, temperament/personality, adversity) and patterns of alcohol and/or drug use should both be taken into account when explaining the neurobiological correlates of decision-making deficits in substance addictions.
Threats to external validity in the neuroprediction of substance use treatment outcomes
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2023
Naomi N. Gancz, Sarah E. Forster
Human neuroimaging studies have provided new insight into alterations in brain function that accompany substance use, instantiating compulsive use and failure of higher-level cognitive processes that may otherwise keep such use in check (14). Importantly, it has been suggested that the degree to which alterations in brain function are present may represent a prognostic indicator of individual substance use treatment outcomes. For example, early work by Braus and colleagues (15) demonstrated that four abstinent patients with alcohol use disorder could be distinguished from healthy individuals by bilateral ventral putamen activation to alcohol-related cues – the spatial extent of which was three times larger in the two patients who later experienced severe relapse. The predictive utility of cue-induced activation in alcohol use disorders was further highlighted in work by Grüsser and colleagues (16), demonstrating improved relapse prediction for brain-based measures, relative to subjective craving and baseline addiction severity – specifically, in bilateral putamen, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).
Systems consolidation and fear memory generalisation as a potential target for trauma-related disorders
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Lizeth K. Pedraza, Rodrigo O. Sierra, Lucas de Oliveira Alvares
The ‘standard consolidation model’ assumes that neural ensembles distributed across many areas of the neocortex and associated to memory representations are initially linked only weakly; however, they become more strongly connected as they are repeatedly co-activated by the corresponding index in the hippocampus. Once this reinforcement process has been completed, the hippocampus is no longer required for the retrieval of that memory because partial inputs can activate all corresponding neocortical representations through newly formed cortico-cortical connections (Squire and Alvarez 1995). The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) seems to be specially involved in remote memory retrieval, in particular the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) cortex (Lopez et al. 2012; Aceti et al. 2015; Barry et al. 2016; Silva et al. 2019). Even with this preferred recruitment during remote retrieval, cortical structures are critical for acquisition and cellular consolidation, since prefrontal disruption after acquisition compromises memory persistence (Lesburguères et al. 2011; Sierra et al. 2017). Therefore, neocortical/hippocampal interactions are formed during learning, generating a synaptic route submitted to maturation in order to ensure late memory expression (Kitamura et al. 2017).
Reading mind from the eyes in individuals with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
This distinction could be followed at the neural structures. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex controls executive function [10] and ventromedial medial prefrontal cortex is involved in social cognition [11]. These two structures see-saw each other in the respective neural networks, namely central executive network and default mode network [12]. Notwithstanding the functional and structural distinction, coexistence and association of impairments in executive functions and social cognition have been described in several psychopathological conditions such as ADHD [13], autism spectrum disorder [14], depression [15–17], and schizophrenia [18]. Furthermore, the neural underpinnings of executive functions and social cognition are highly interactive [19]. However, some studies found intact theory of mind despite impaired executive functions and vice versa [20,21]. These findings suggest that the impaired executive functions do not necessarily result in impaired social cognition. Given the interwoven structure and function of executive and social processing, discrimination between them is crucial for diagnosis and interventions.