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Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The internal capsule has a medially facing ‘V’ shape when examined in a horizontal section of the brain, with an anterior limb between the lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus, a middle section known as the genu, and a posterior limb lying between the lentiform nucleus and the thalamus. Lateral to the thalamus, the capsule is known as the retrolentiform part.
Surgical procedure for subthalamic nucleus stimulation
Published in Hans O Lüders, Deep Brain Stimulation and Epilepsy, 2020
Joshua M Rosenow, Atthaporn Boongird, Nicholas M Boulis, Ali Rezai
Macrostimulation is performed with the hand-held stimulator set at 130 Hz and 90 µs pulse width. Stimulation is begun with contacts 0– and 3+ though gradually escalating voltages. At each level, the patient is assessed for both therapeutic effects and adverse side effects. Worrisome effects include sustained paresthesias, dysarthria, forced gaze deviation, and muscle contractions. Most side effects are attributable to stimulation of the internal capsule. However, an electrode that is too deep in the midbrain may produce disconju-gate eye deviation and some sensory changes from stimulation of the oculomotor nerve fibers or the medial lemniscus, respectively. The contacts may be varied to determine if a satisfactory combination exists. The results of macrostimulation are not intended to predict a patient’s final outcome, but only to verify that an acceptable therapeutic window exists between effective stimulation and unacceptable side effects.
Anatomy for neurotrauma
Published in Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor, Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma, 2018
Vasudha Singhal, Sarabpreet Singh
Internal capsule is a dog-leg-shaped compact band of projection fibers, forming the main highway for the afferent and efferent fibers from the cerebral cortex. It can be divided into five parts, from before backwards –
Effects of lithium use on the white matter of patients with bipolar disorder – a systematic review
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2022
José Carlos L. Espanhol, Maria A. Vieira-Coelho
At baseline, compared with HC subjects, patients with FEM showed reduced GM in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, inferior frontal gyrus, and cerebellum. In addition, patients had reduced internal capsule WM volume bilaterally (t1,66>3.20, p < .01). Longitudinally, there was a significant treatment × time effect only in the WM of the left internal capsule (F2,112 = 8.54, p < .01). Post-hoc testing showed that, compared with baseline, lithium was more effective than quetiapine in slowing the progression of WM volume reduction after 12 months (t1,24 = 3.76, p < .01). This data supports the role of lithium, but not quetiapine therapy, in limiting WM reduction early in the illness course after FEM [19].
Longitudinal Changes in the Sensorimotor Pathways of Very Preterm Infants During the First Year of Life With and Without Intervention: A Pilot Study
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2021
Sonia Khurana, Megan E Evans, Claire E Kelly, Deanne K Thompson, Jennifer C. Burnsed, Amy D. Harper, Karen D. Hendricks-Muñoz, Mary S Shall, Richard D Stevenson, Ketaki Inamdar, Gregory Vorona, Stacey C Dusing
DTI metrics (FA and MD) and volume were calculated for five white matter regions of interest (ROIs): i) corticospinal tract (CST), ii) posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC), iii) corona radiata (CR), iv) cerebral peduncles (CP), and v) cerebellar peduncles (CBP). In case of cerebellar peduncle we averaged superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncle together to obtain one single value each for FA and MD. However, volume was derived by adding the values of all three regions together into one. The CST was chosen to be the primary region of interest based on its importance in the output of voluntary movement, as well as the extensive literature on CST dysfunction in preterm infants.25 Likewise, the PLIC is commonly used to predict the development of cerebral palsy based on the amount of myelination.26 Lastly, the corona radiata, cerebral peduncles, and cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, and inferior) were included based on their role in motor learning and motor processing.27,28
Apathetic symptoms and white matter integrity after traumatic brain injury
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
B Navarro-Main, AM Castaño-León, A Hilario, A Lagares, G Rubio, JA Periañez, M Rios-Lago
Finally, results in posterior limb of internal capsule have shown that a reduced level of FA was related with higher scores in apathy (Other-AES-I). The posterior limb of the internal capsule contains corticospinal, sensory and corticobulbar fibres, so it has been related to focal motor and sensory deficits from lesion studies, but also to apathy since classical approaches (51). Internal capsule is also included in the motor system of apathy which is expected to act on the environment in order to yield results with positive subjective value and to avoid aversive events (15). The study apathy in stroke has led to conclude that lesions to the posterior limbs of internal capsule disrupts the generation of goal-oriented behaviour (52–54). Also, Starkstein et al. (1993, 55) found a significant association between lesions in the internal capsule and a loss of motivation and goal-oriented behaviour, ranging from motor neglect to psychic akinesia and akinetic mutism. This results are in agreement with findings in patients with Alzheimer disease that show alterations in this cortico-subcortical connection structure in relation to apathy, more specifically impairing the cognitive dimension of this syndrome (56).