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Unconscious bias
Published in Anna-leila Williams, Integrating Health Humanities, Social Science, and Clinical Care, 2018
Assessment of unconscious bias is a challenge since researchers are trying to extract information that participants do not even know they possess. Early studies assessed participants’ physiologic response to stimuli. For example, several studies used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine amygdala activation when participants were shown photographs of black people’s faces and white people’s faces (Cunningham et al., 2004; Lieberman, Hariri, Jarcho, Eisenberger, & Bookheimer, 2005; Phelps et al., 2000). The amygdala is part of the brain’s limbic system and is known to react to fear and other stimuli related to threat and danger. Another study used facial electromyography on participants while they viewed images of black and white people’s faces to assess movement of the muscles activated when smiling and frowning (Vanman, Saltz, Nathan, & Warren, 2004).
Electrophysiology and Monitoring
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Patrick R. Axon, Bruno M.R. Kenway
In 1979, Delgado and colleagues first described the use of evoked compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) to monitor facial nerve function in response to stimulating the intra-cranial portion of the facial nerve.8 The introduction of facial electromyography (EMG) enabled not only facial nerve identification either by electrical stimulation or inadvertent manipulation, but also the possibility of mapping its course through the temporal bone and assessing changes in function during surgical resection of tumour from the nerve’s surface.9 Facial nerve monitoring has proved an invaluable aid during vestibular schwannoma surgery.10-12 The introduction of an auditory signal enabled instantaneous real-time auditory feedback to the surgeon during tumour dissection without information passing through an intermediary.13, 14
Men’s Self-Reported and Psychophysiological Affective Responses to Sexual Violence and Their Associations with Rape Myths, Personality, and Sexual Traits: A Preliminary Study
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2023
Joana Carvalho, Pedro J. Rosa, Erick Janssen
The current study examined men’s emotional responses to a film clip depicting the rape of a woman. Responses included self-reported positive and negative affect, as well as the experience of sexual arousal, and psychophysiological affective activation as indexed through the measurement of facial electromyography (fEMG) and electrodermal activity (EDA). To control for possible nonspecific effects of violent content, we compared responses to a sexually violent clip with responses to a film clip depicting nonsexual physical violence, also involving a woman, and a control film clip depicting a nonviolent male-female social interaction. We also evaluated associations among subjective and psychophysiological responses to the rape scene. In addition, to explore possible individual differences in rape responses, we examined associations between emotional responses to rape, personality (including psychopathic tendencies), sexual traits and the endorsement of rape myths. On the basis of the existing empirical literature, we formulated the following hypotheses: 1) As compared to nonsexual violent scenes, depictions of rape will induce 1) more sexual arousal; 2) less negative affect and more positive affect (self-report, fEMG), 3) stronger psychophysiological activation (EDA), and 4) personality traits of neuroticism, conscientiousness, and agreeableness; psychopathic tendencies; and lower propensity for sexual inhibition will be associated with affective and sexual responses to the rape scene.
Affective Responses to Gay Men Using Facial Electromyography: Is There a Psychophysiological “Look” of Anti-Gay Bias
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2019
Melanie A. Morrison, Krista M. Trinder, Todd G. Morrison
A technique that affords researchers the opportunity to measure affective responses implicitly is facial electromyography (EMG). Facial EMG is an unobtrusive continuous measure that remains the only psychophysiological technique that can discern positive from negative affect (Heller, Greischar, Honor, Anderle, & Davidson, 2011; Larsen, Norris, & Cacioppo, 2003). With regard to the latter characteristic, both negative and positive affect are measured via involuntary muscle movements occurring below the skin’s surface: electrodes are commonly placed on the corrugator supercilium muscle site, located above the eyebrow, and on the zygomaticus major muscle site, located on the cheek. Greater brow activity provides an indication of negative affect in the form of imperceptible frowns, while greater cheek activity depicts positive affect in the form of imperceptible smiles. These two locations have been found to be longstanding psychometrically sound indicants of implicit affective reactions (Cacioppo, Petty, Losch, & Kim, 1986; Heller et al., 2011; Mauersberger, Blaison, Kafetsios, Kessler, & Hess, 2015; Tassinary, Cacioppo, & Geen, 1989).
Beat the Heat: Effects of a Motivational Self-Talk Intervention on Endurance Performance
Published in Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2018
Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, Khelifa Bartura, Christos Argiropoulos, Nikos Comoutos, Evangelos Galanis, Andreas D. Flouris
Two recent studies have explored the effectiveness of motivational self-talk in endurance performance in combination with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and psychophysiological variables through different outcome measures. Blanchfield, Hardy, de Morree, Staino, and Marcora (2014) used a time to exhaustion design to examine the effectiveness of a motivational self-talk intervention on a cycling endurance task. Their results showed that the self-talk group had greater cycling time to exhaustion and reported lower RPE during the task. In addition, they found (a) no difference in facial electromyography, which was assessed as a psychophysiological measure of perceived effort during and near to the completion of the time to exhaustion test; (b) no differences in heart rate during and at completion of the test; and (c) no differences on blood lactate concentration 3 min postcompletion. In a similar study, but using a time trial design, Barwood, Corbett, Wagstaff, McVeigh, and Thelwell (2015) examined the effect of motivational self-talk on 10-km cycling performance. They found that the motivational self-talk group produced a higher power output, which was matched by higher oxygen consumption, whereas no differences in RPE were reported. In both studies a perceptual interpretation of the beneficial self-talk effects was forwarded—the first because participants cycled for more while reporting lower perception of exertion, whereas in the second because participants produced greater power output while reporting similar perceptions of exertion. Thus, both provided support to the psychobiological model of endurance performance and the fit of self-talk interventions within this model.