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Memory
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Sensory memory is a system for retaining a brief impression of a sensory stimulus after the stimulus has ceased. The vast majority of information that are grasped by our senses cannot be processed correctly due to the limitations of our memory. The role of sensory memory is to provide a detailed representation of our entire sensory experience from which relevant pieces of information are extracted by short-term memory and processed by working memory. Sensory memory is not involved in higher cognitive functions like short- and long-term memory, it is not consciously controlled. Information from the different sensory modalities is stored in separate sensory memories for a very short period of time. All of our senses have sensory memory systems but the systems focused on by the Atkinson–Shiffrin model relate to visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic) stores.Iconic memory is a visual sensory store with a short duration of less than 1 second.Echoic memory is an auditory sensory store that lasts about 2 or 3 seconds.
Memory
Published in Andrea Utley, Motor Control, Learning and Development, 2018
All the information coming in from the environment, e.g. the movement of your opponent or the path of the rugby ball, can be stored in the short-term sensory store. This lasts about a second or less. This is the first ‘compartment’ of memory (Figure 10.2). According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, each sense has its own sensory store; the most important sensory stores are the auditory (echoic) and the visual (iconic); we also have a haptic memory for touch. The iconic memory can hold information for about 50 ms while the echoic memory store holds information for about 2 s (Sperling 1960). Thus there is limited time for the processing of the information, and only information that is important enters the short-term memory; the information that is unimportant is ‘filtered out’. This process is called selective attention. Consequently, it is absolutely critical that the learner attends to the information, and this is more likely to happen if the information has an interesting feature and if the stimulus activates a known pattern.
Remediative approaches for cognitive disorders after TBI
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Mark J. Ashley, Rose Leal, Zenobia Mehta, Jessica G. Ashley, Matthew J. Ashley
The existence of a brief visual sensory register was demonstrated by Spurling.41 Visual stimulus was first referred to as an icon, and the auditory equivalent of iconic memory is referred to as echoic memory.7,42,43 Sensory registers, such as iconic and echoic store, allow for information to be entered without the subject paying attention to the source.7 These sensory registers store information in a literal way, can be overwritten by further input in the same modality, are vulnerable to “wash-out,” are modality specific, and have a moderately large capacity. Similar mechanisms have been identified for olfactory and haptic stimuli.44,45
P-MMR and LDN beside MMN as Speech-evoked Neural Markers in Children with Cochlear Implants: A Review
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2022
Zohreh Ziatabar Ahmadi, Saied Mahmoudian, Hassan Ashayeri
The MMN, one of the most commonly used neural response, is seen as a negative deflection in the deviant-minus-standard subtraction waveform by both non-speech and speech stimuli, generally at about 150–400 ms after the stimulus onset (Korpilahti, Krause, Holopainen, & Lang, 2001). The MMN is elicited when the incoming auditory input violates the expectations of the brain’s automatically generated predictive model (Korpilahti et al., 2001). It provides insights into the neurophysiologic measure of echoic memory and discrimination processes (Gabr, 2018). P-MMR elicited instead of the negatively displaced MMN or preceding the classical/adult-like MMN, represents an immature change-detection response between 100 and 300 ms while the LDN is often appeared around 400–700 ms after the onset of speech stimulus and may play a similar role is reorienting negativity (RON), non-attended lexical processing, and attentive analysis of the complex speech stimuli by the auditory processing system in adults (Cheour, Shestakova, Alku, Ceponiene, & Näätänen, 2002; Choudhury, Parascando, & Benasich, 2015).
Neural reactivity parameters of awareness predetermine one-year survival in patients with disorders of consciousness
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
Oded Meiron, Jeremy Barron, Jonathan David, Efraim Jaul
The current event-related EEG findings provided important information that could not be obtained via behaviorally based assessments used routinely in the clinical setting. Critically, baseline CRS-R and GCS scores did not clinically distinguish between DOC survivors and non-survivors. However, baseline mean MMN amplitudes of non-survivors were paroxysmal, and 80% larger than survivors’ baseline MMN amplitudes, which could assist clinicians to predict 1-year survival in patients with DOC based on their baseline neural reactivity to transient changes in echoic-memory. Since changes in MMN amplitudes are related to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity (13), patients’ MMN amplitudes could be utilized for further clinical monitoring of patients’ neural excitability over time. Additionally, across all baseline event-related EEG parameters, only MMN amplitudes significantly distinguished patients with DOC from healthy controls (HC) further supporting the premise that MMN amplitudes represent a specific neural-pathology marker of DOC brain-states versus healthy controls (5,13). As seen in the MMN ERP waveforms, and deviant-tone N1component scalp topography, survivors with DOC may have residual echoic memory activity due to their apparent relatively weak central-scalp negativity (which is closer to HC deviant-tone N1-peak-negativity topography) versus non-survivors who displayed no central-scalp negativity in response to the deviant sound. Therefore, as suggested by earlier findings (5,12,15,16), and further supported by current findings, residual auditory neural-reactivity was associated with 1-year survival.
Visual and auditory verbal long-term memory in individuals who rely on augmentative and alternative communication
Published in Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 2020
Michal Icht, Yedida Levine-Sternberg, Yaniv Mama
Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) techniques may serve to enhance receptive and expressive communication in individuals with severe speech and language impairments (Millar, Light, & Schlosser, 2006; Roth & Cassatt-James, 1989; Schlosser & Wendt, 2008); however, the effect of AAC use on cognitive abilities in general, and on long-term memory functioning in particular, is not clear. Memory is a key aspect in cognitive functioning and is vital for various experiences (Eysenck, 2012; Larsson & Dahlgren Sandberg, 2008). It can be described as a complex system that is made up of a sensory processor (iconic memory in vision and echoic memory in audition), short-term (or working) memory, and long-term memory. Research provides evidence that these sub-systems are related to one another, with the output from one system providing input to another (e.g., Serial, Parallel, Independent, or SPI, model; Tulving, 1995).