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Cross-Cultural Differences on Cognitive Task Performance: The Influence of Stimulus Familiarity
Published in Walter J. Lonner, Dale L. Dinnel, Deborah K. Forgays, Susanna A. Hayes, Merging Past, Present, and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
Corine J. Sonke, Ype H. Poortinga, Jan H. J. De Kuijer
The basic stimulus material consisted of 16 simple geometric figures, derived from the TAART battery (Tilburgse Allochtone Autochtone Reactietijd Test; Van de Vijver & Willemse, 1990). In three of the four tasks elements from this stimulus set were used. The stimuli for the other task were Arabic letters. In all tasks four stimuli were presented, arranged in a square with a centrally located fixation point (a small yellow spot). The stimulus display was presented after a random interval of 500 to 1000 msec after appearance of the fixation point. The subject had to indicate, “as quickly and as accurately as possible,” at which position the target figure was presented by pressing one of four buttons, corresponding in position with the four figures. The position of the target varied randomly over the four positions. The interstimulus interval was approximately 5000 msec. If subjects responded before the maximum presentation time (which varied over tasks), the display turned gray. All tasks were administered on three consecutive days at approximately the same time of day.
Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Canadian Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols–A Consensus Document
Published in I. Jon Russell, The Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Clinical Case Definition for Practitioners, 2020
Anil Kumar Jain, Bruce M. Carruthers, Maijorie I. van de Sande, Stephen R. Barron, C. C. Stuart Donaldson, James V. Dunne, Emerson Gingrich, Dan S. Heffez, Y.-K. Frances Leung, Daniel G. Malone, Thomas J. Romano, I. Jon Russell, David Saul, Donald G. Seibel
A repetitive peripheral stimulation study (402) has tested the hypothesis that FMS patients might exhibit abnormal wind-up2 at the level of the spinal cord dorsal horn. Wind-up was evoked both in controls and FMS subjects but there were clear differences by diagnosis group. The perceived magnitude of the sensory response to the first stimulus within a series was consistently greater for FMS subjects compared to controls, as was the amount of temporal summation within a series. Within a series of stimuli, FMS subjects reported increases in sensory magnitude to painful levels for interstimulus intervals of 2-5 seconds. By contrast, pain was seldom evoked at intervals greater than 2 seconds for control subjects. Following the last stimulus in a series, after-sensations were greater in magnitude, lasted longer and were more frequently painful in FMS subjects. These results have multiple implications for the general characterization of pain in FMS, for an understanding of the underlying pathophysiological basis, and for testing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
Neurofeedback in Application to the ADHD Spectrum
Published in Hanno W. Kirk, Restoring the Brain, 2020
All of the CPT data we published in the nineties was acquired with the Test of Variables of Attention (T.O.V.A.®). This pressured choice reaction time (Go/No-Go) test involves two periods of stimulus-sparse challenge, followed by two periods of stimulus-frequent challenge. The inter-stimulus interval is invariant at two seconds in order to maintain uniformly boring conditions. This presents a challenge to the maintenance of vigilance. Data analysis was based on Gaussian distributions and, therefore, dependent on norming populations that were, in turn, dependent on expert judgment.
Successful return to professional work after neglect, extinction, and spatial misperception – Three long-term case studies
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2021
The central 70° (horizontal extension) x 50° (vertical extension) visual field were assessed with campimetry using the Eyemove software package (Kerkhoff & Marquardt, 2009, www.medicalcomputing.de). The subject sits centrally and fixated by a head- and chin-rest in front of a 22″ computer monitor at a distance of 27 cm and fixates a 2 × 2° yellow fixation cross in the middle of the screen. When the fixation cross disappears, a small white circular target (0.5° diameter, luminance 1 cd/m2) is presented for 180 ms at 70 possible locations in the visual field (horizontal eccentricity: 35° per hemifield, vertical eccentricity: 25° per hemifield). The patient is instructed to fixate the cross continuously and press the space bar as quickly as possible when seeing the target. Interstimulus interval was two seconds. Seven catch trials were intermingled where no target is shown, but the fixation cross briefly changes colour from red to green for about 50 ms. The patient was instructed to press the space bar when this happened. These catch trials were used as an indirect measure of fixational accuracy: when less than five out of seven were correctly detected, the visual field plot was regarded as artifactual. Normative values are available from 60 healthy individuals (aged 20–70 years). In addition to campimetry, standardized perimetry was performed on all subjects using the Oculus Center Field perimeter, Oculus (Wetzlar, Germany). Here, the central 30° screening was tested monocularly.
Hypnotizability-Related Effects of Pain Expectation on the Later Modulation of Cortical Connectivity
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2020
Seyedeh-Parisa Zarei, Lucia Briscese, Simone Capitani, Bruno Rossi, Maria C. Carboncini, Enrica L. Santarcangelo, Ali Motie Nasrabadi
Participants were invited to fixate a point at eye level, 90 cm from them, where a red light (duration = 100 ms) may or may not appear before the electrical stimulation of the right supraorbital nerve (for details see Santarcangelo et al., 2016). Electrical stimuli (intensity = 2 x nociceptive threshold, duration: 200 msec) were delivered by a constant current stimulator (Digitimer model DS7A) driven by a Labview software through consumable electrodes. Stimuli (interstimulus intervals: 40 and 70 sec) were administered in the absence of visual warning (12 stimuli, noW) and in the presence of visual warning preceding the electrical stimulus by 1 second (12 stimuli, W1). In each participant, the intensity of electrical stimuli was double than of the nociceptive threshold. Warning conditions and interstimuli intervals were randomly presented. Thus, at the end of the session no reliable pain assessment could be asked. On the other hand, subjective reports could not be collected stimulation by stimulation because this procedure would have interfered with the tasks.
Oxytocin ameliorates bone cancer pain by suppressing toll-like receptor 4 and proinflammatory cytokines in rat spinal cord
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
Xiaping Mou, Ji Fang, An Yang, Gang Du
Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed in rats with bone cancer to evaluate bone cancer-related pain. Mechanical allodynia was indicated by a significant decrease in the threshold of paw withdrawal to mechanical indentation of the plantar surface of each hind paw. The paw withdrawal was measured using an electronic von Frey meter (IITC Life Science, Woodland Hills, CA) with a protocol similar to that described previously (Sun et al., 2018). In brief, the animals were placed individually beneath an inverted ventilated cage with a metal-mesh floor. The rigid von Frey filaments with uniform tip diameter were applied perpendicularly to the mid-plantar surface of each hind paw from beneath until the paw was withdrawn, and the result was shown digitally on a display screen. The maximum pressure was set as 30 g. The duration of each stimulus was approximately 1–2 s and the interstimulus interval was approximately 10–15 s. A total of five tests were conducted on each hind paw.