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The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The nervous system is a highly integrated system that ensures an appropriate response to changes in the internal or external environment. Diseases of the nervous system may be acute or chronic. Nurses must understand the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system in order to understand neurological disease processes and to anticipate the clinical implications of neurological dysfunction. Competence in neurological assessment is a key clinical skill for nurses faced with a medical emergency in any clinical setting, and is an essential skill within a neuroscience setting. Neurological emergencies have the potential to be life-threatening if normal control of airway, breathing or circulation is lost. Ability to assess patients using an ABCDE approach is essential for the management of neurological emergencies.
Macrophages As Effectors Of Cell-Mediated Immunity
Published in Hans H. Gadebusch, Phagocytes and Cellular Immunity, 2020
There is a dearth of evidence concerning the possible role of macrophages in the production of the lesions of autoimmune diseases, either clinical or experimental.23 (The role of macrophages in the destruction of erythrocytes and platelets that have reacted with humoral autoantibodies is excluded from this discussion.) Some observations on diseases of the nervous system indicate a possible role.
Orthomolecular Parenteral Nutrition Therapy
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
Arturo O'Byrne-Navia, Arturo O'Byrne-De Valdenebro
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most problematic degenerative diseases of the nervous system. In data from basic studies including cell cultures and animal models, it has been shown that a mixture of ALA with nutraceuticals like docosahexaenoic acid (from fish oil), curcumin (from Curcuma longa), and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (from green tea) act synergistically to reduce generic aspects like oxidative stress and inflammation, but also specific aspects like amyloid beta levels and amyloid beta plaque load. An Australian group of authors led by Maczurek reviewed the diverse mechanisms of action of ALA in Alzheimer's disease, possible dosages and schemes derived from ALA pharmacokinetic data, and its possibilities as a treatment of this type of dementia (Maczurek et al. 2008).
Circulating inflammatory markers, cell-free mitochondrial DNA, cortisol, endocannabinoids, and N-acylethanolamines in female depressed outpatients
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2023
Alexander Behnke, Anja Maria Gumpp, Roberto Rojas, Timo Sänger, Sabine Lutz-Bonengel, Dirk Moser, Gustav Schelling, Aniko Krumbholz, Iris-Tatjana Kolassa
Inclusion criteria were (i) age between 18 and 60 years; (ii) absence of any severe physical disease; (iii) no current intake of medication with known effects on the immune system (e.g. systemic glucocorticosteroids). Moreover, women could not participate, if presenting (iv) diseases of the nervous system or (v) mental, behavioural, or neurodevelopmental disorders, except for MDD in the patient group. However, as MDD is often comorbid with anxiety disorders (e.g. Saha et al. 2021), we retained MDD patients with comorbid anxiety disorders (e.g. specific phobia), and additionally, we decided to retain one case with mild binge-eating tendencies (cf. Table 1). These comorbidities in the patient group had to be of low severity, and from a therapeutic perspective, they were of secondary importance to the overall constitution of the patient as compared with their MDD episode. Non-depressed controls were not allowed to fulfill the criteria of any current mental, behavioural, or neurodevelopmental disorder. The study also served the investigation of MDD-related differences in sex hormones accumulated in hair (see Behnke et al. 2021, for results); therefore, participation was limited to women to preclude sex-specific hormonal effects.
Cellular targets and molecular activity mechanisms of bee venom in cancer: recent trends and developments
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Ayşegül Varol, Serap Sezen, Dilhan Evcimen, Atefeh Zarepour, Gönül Ulus, Ali Zarrabi, Gamal Badr, Sevgi Durna Daştan, Asya Gülistan Orbayoğlu, Zeliha Selamoğlu, Mehmet Varol
It is known that chronic inflammation is tightly associated with many diseases, including but not limited to asthma, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, various skin diseases, and central nervous system-related diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease (Son et al. 2007, Glass et al. 2010, Lee and Bae 2016a). Melittin has been reported as an anti-inflammatory bee venom product against many conditions including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, acne vulgaris, atherosclerosis, neuro-inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, arthritis and liver inflammation (Figure 3) (Son et al. 2007, Lee et al. 2014). Also administration of high doses of melittin causes itching, local pain and inflammation, and low doses cause significant anti-inflammatory effects (Park et al. 2004, Son et al. 2007, Kim et al. 2018). Melittin is thought to block primary inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF-κB, Akt, and ERK ½ by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which reduce inflammation in skin, liver, joint and neuronal tissue (Figure 3) (Jang et al. 2005, Son et al. 2007, Davies et al. 2019).
Potential of ovine Wharton jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells to transdifferentiate into neuronal phenotype for application in neuroregenerative therapy
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Lija Satheesan, Eswari Soundian, Vijayarani Kumanan, Kumanan Kathaperumal
Understanding the causes and progress of neuronal diseases and suitable therapies for controlling degenerative and as well as acute diseases/damages involving nervous system has been made easier with the isolation of NSCs from discarded brain tissue of humans or from laboratory animals. Albeit, NSCs have been isolated from brain tissues, abundant access to these cells is difficult due to ethical concerns in human. Hence, isolation of neuronal stem cells from alternative sources such as MSCs and its transdifferentiation to neuronal stem cells is pivotal. The MSCs have the characteristics of self-renewal and multipotency which can differentiate into several lineages. Increasing evidence indicates that MSCs have the potential to differentiate into neuronal cells under appropriate cellular conditions both in vitro and in vivo, raising the possibility of therapeutic potential in neurological diseases [5, 12].