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Dementia Architecture
Published in Paul A. Rodgers, Design for People Living with Dementia, 2022
Leonie van Buuren, Lex van Delden, Masi Mohammadi
Around 50 million people worldwide are living with dementia and this number is expected to increase to 152 million by 2050 (WHO, 2020). Dementia is a general term for a large number of cognitive disorders with multiple possible causes (Chertkow et al., 2013; Sheehan, 2012; WHO, 2017). These disorders result in a significant decline in a person's level of cognition, which interferes with their ability to perform everyday functions and activities, and affects their independence. Given the progressive character, the effects of dementia may result in the need for long-term residential care. In the Netherlands, almost 29% of people with dementia (i.e. 80,000 of 280,000 cases) live in a nursing home (Alzheimer Nederland, 2020).
Cognitive Function and Falls Among Elderly
Published in Teuku Tahlil, Hajjul Kamil, Asniar, Marthoenis, Challenges in Nursing Education and Research, 2020
Khairani, Fityah Rasyiqah, Muhammad Yusuf
The results of this study are supported by the research of Eni & Safitri (2018) which states that there is a close correlation between severe cognitive impairment and a high risk of falling. Cognitive disorders occur with age. As age increases, the function of the human body decreases. This is in line with the theory of aging, namely Stochastic theory proposed by Beers & Berkow (2013), which states that every episode of events that occur throughout a person’s life causes damage to body cells randomly and accumulates over time, causing aging (Mauk, 2006). The aging process affects all systems in the human body including cardiovascular system, respiratory system, integumentary system, musculoskeletal system, reproductive system, gastrointestinal system, urinary system, endocrine system, immune system, nervous system and neurological system (Saxon, Etten, & Perkins, 2015) One of the effects of aging that occurs in the neurological system is atrophy (shrinkage) in the brain, so that cognitive functions experience interference. The cognitive function consists of aspects of attention, language, memory, coordination of motion, visuospatial and executive functions (Ministry of Health, 2010).
Cognition Enhancers
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Ramneek Kaur, Rashi Rajput, Sachin Kumar, Harleen Kaur, R. Rachana, Manisha Singh
In today’s scenario, enhancing the cognition with the help of pharmacological agents is not a new practice and the psychostimulants which are self-administered like, nicotine and caffeine are already an established agent in enhancing cognitive performance. MPHs along with other medications are efficient in treatment of attention disorders. Nevertheless, not all memory and learning problems can be treated by stimulants as there are a number of possible reasons for cognitive disorders. More precise and effective therapeutic strategies are required. Irrespective of the different causes of cognitive disorders, an effective approach for the treatment of various forms of cognitive insufficiency will be to target key methods which have a positive effect on enhancing the cognition (Lee and Silva, 2009b).
Caregiver burden and health-related quality of life among family caregivers of oesophageal cancer patients: a prospective nationwide cohort study
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Anna Schandl, Cecilia Ringborg, Kalle Mälberg, Asif Johar, Pernilla Lagergren
The exposure was caregiver burden assessed with The Caregiver burden scale [21] assessed 1 year after the patient’s oesophagectomy. The self-assessed instrument was developed in Sweden and contains 22-items distributed on a five-factor scale: general strain (8 items), isolation (3 items), disappointment (5 items), emotional involvement (3 items), and environment (3 items). Each item has four response alternatives which generates an overall score between 1 and 4; Not at all (1), Seldom (2), Sometimes (3), and Often (4). Higher scores indicate a higher burden [21]. Results are presented as mean values for the total score and each dimension. Mean scores of 1.00 to 1.99 is considered as a low burden, while 2.00–2.99 corresponds to moderate burden and 3.00–3.99 to high burden. For this study, a total/overall mean score with a cut-off of ≥2 was considered as high to moderate caregiver burden. The scale has been tested for validity and reliability among a Swedish population of caregivers of patients with cognitive disorders [21]. It has also been shown to apply to caregivers of patients with other diagnoses [22]. The reliability was considered as substantial with kappa values above 0.69 [21].
Short sleep duration and dementia: a narrative review
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Emily R. Stephens, Ashish Sarangi, Jayasudha Gude
Much of the literature still has not reached an agreement on the most accurate approach to studying sleep duration. Major NCD and related cognitive disorders are slow-progressing diseases that take many years to develop before the manifestation of symptoms. Thus, much of the work cited here may be limited by short follow-up time, and older participants may have had subclinical major NCD at enrollment. Moreover, self-reported sleep duration is a highly subjective measure of true sleep duration and may contribute to skewed results. Subjective sleep data is best supplemented by objective measures of sleep duration (e.g., actigraphy, accelerometer).20 Disrupted sleep patterns are commonly found in individuals with major NCD, and it can be difficult to determine which of the two plays the causal role. Studies with earlier onset (younger participants) and longer duration of follow-up are less likely to produce results that are skewed by reverse causation. Excluded from this review were many reports that included sleep disorders other than sleep duration (e.g., sleep apnea and/or disordered breathing, difficulty falling asleep, napping), which may represent more specific risk factors for major NCD and may be concomitant with shorter sleep duration. Few of the sources discussed here addressed psychiatric comorbidities that may impact both sleep and cognitive function, yet these should be ruled out as confounders when possible.
Switching COPD patients from the disposable to the new reusable Respimat soft mist inhaler: a real-world study from Switzerland
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Anne Tschacher, Cordula Cadus, Sebastian Schildge, Jens Peter Diedrich, Prashant N. Chhajed, Anne B. Leuppi-Taegtmeyer, Jörg Daniel Leuppi
For subgroup analyses, patients were stratified according to their concomitant diseases relevant for handling the reusable Respimat inhaler. “Group mobility” (Groupmob) comprised patients with at least one concomitant disease limiting mobility. In “group cognitive disorders” (Groupcog), patients with at least one concomitant disease that was classified as mental and/or cognitive disorder were included. “Group both mobility and cognitive disorders” (Groupboth) contained patients with at least one concomitant disease limiting mobility and at least one concomitant disease classified as mental and/or cognitive disorder. Diseases limiting mobility were arthritis/arthrosis, a rheumatological disorder, and Parkinson’s disease. Mental and/or cognitive disorders limiting the ability to use the inhaler adequately were dementia/Alzheimer’s disease, mental disorders, and cognitive disorders without further specification.